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Condom use Among Hispanics - Male
Hispanic Condom Use Study 1991 Questionnaire for Use with Males
TIME AT BEGINNING: ______________
Many of the questions we will be asking relate to sexual matters and it is
possible that you may feel a bit uncomfortable. But please remember that your
responses are completely confidential and that you may indicate if there are
any questions you do not wish to answer.
I would like to ask you some general questions about AIDS. Your answer can be
"yes," "probably yes," "probably no," or "no."
1. Do you think it's possible to get the AIDS virus from a mosquito bite?
Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (06)
2. Do you think it's possible to get the AIDS virus by sitting on a public toilet?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (07)
3. Do you think AIDS is a problem only for homosexuals and drug addicts?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (08)
4. Do you think it's possible to know by appearance if a person has the AIDS
virus?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (09)
5. Have you personally known someone who had AIDS or was infected with
the AIDS virus?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (10)
8 DON'T KNOW
6. How often do you worry that you might get the virus that causes AIDS?
Would you say very often, often, sometimes, or never?
(11)
1 Very often 2 Often 3 Sometimes 4 Never
I'll be asking some questions about condoms or rubbers.
7. Would you like me to use the word "condom" or "rubber?"
4 CONDOM 5 RUBBER (12)
6 NO PREFERENCE (USE "CONDOM")
The following items ask for information about how condoms/rubbers are used.
If you have never used condoms/rubbers, your answers are still important
to us.
8. Do you think vaseline is a good lubricant or cream for condoms/rubbers?
1 YES 0 NO 8 DOESN'T KNOW (13)
9. Do you think a condom/rubber should be unrolled before putting it on a
man's penis?
1 YES 0 NO 8 DOESN'T KNOW (14)
Now we would like to ask you some questions about your experiences with
condoms/rubbers and other sexual activities. I will be using the word
"partner" to refer to the person with whom one has sex. This information is
very important for our study. Each person has different sexual experiences,
so some questions may not apply to you.
10. How often do you carry a condom/rubber with you? Would you say always,
sometimes, hardly ever, or never?
1 Always 2 Sometimes 3 Hardly ever 4 Never (15)
11. Have you ever used condoms/rubbers?
1 YES 0 NO [GO TO Q 15] 9 RA (16)
12. Have you ever used condoms/rubbers to avoid a pregnancy?
1 YES 0 NO 9 RA (17)
13. Have you ever used condoms/rubbers to avoid diseases?
1 YES 0 NO 9 RA (18)
14. How did you get condoms/rubbers?
[IF RESPONDENT GIVES MORE THAN ONE ANSWER, ASK WHERE HE HAS BOUGHT
THEM OR GOTTEN THEM MORE OFTEN AND CIRCLE ONLY THAT RESPONSE]
[DO NOT READ RESPONSES]
______ BOUGHT THEM ASK: Where?
1 PHARMACY OR DRUG STORE
2 RESTROOM VENDING MACHINES
3 SUPERMARKET
9 RA
(19)
______ GIVEN TO THEM ASK: Where?
4 AT A HEALTH CENTER
5 ON THE STREET
6 BY A FRIEND/RELATIVE
7 FROM A PARTNER
8 ELSEWHERE __________________________
9 RA
15. In these questions we'll talk about a steady sex partner. A steady sex
partner is a person one has sex with in an ongoing relationship and might be
a spouse.
Imagine that you will have sex with a wife or steady partner in the next 30
days. How often do you think you would use condoms/rubbers? Would you say
always, more than half the time, half the time, less than half the time, or
never?
[IF RESPONDENT SAYS NOT APPLICABLE, SAY: "Even if you don't know, please
try to guess."]
1 Always (20)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
9 RA
16. Imagine that you will have sex with a partner other than a steady partner
in the next 30 days. How often do you think you would use condoms/rubbers?
[IF RESPONDENT SAYS NOT APPLICABLE, SAY: "Even if you don't know, please
try to guess."]
1 Always (21)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
9 RA
17. Have you had sex at least once in the past 12 months, that is, since
[THIS MONTH] of 1990?
1 YES [GO TO Q19] 0 NO [GO TO Q18] 9 RA [GO TO Q18] (22)
18. Have you had sex at least once in the last 5 years?
1 YES [GO TO Q19] 0 NO [GO TO Q26] 9 RA [GO TO Q26] (23)
19. As I said, some questions may not apply to you. If a question does not apply
to you, please let me know.
When you had sex with your wife or steady partner in the last 12 months, how
often did you use condoms/rubbers? Would you say always, more than half the
time, half the time, less than half the time, or never?
1 Always (24)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
7 NO STEADY PARTNER
8 NO SEX PAST 12 MONTHS [GO TO Q26]
9 RA
20. When you had sex with a woman other than your wife or steady partner in
the last 12 months, how often did you use condoms/rubbers?
1 Always (25)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
7 NO CASUAL PARTNER
8 NO FEMALE PARTNER [GO TO Q22]
9 RA
21. How many women have you had sex with in the last 12 months in total?
___ ___ NUMBER OF WOMEN (26-27)
[90 OR MORE = 90] 99 RA
22. If you had sex with any male partner in the last 12 months, how often
were condoms/rubbers used? Would you say always, more than half the time,
half the time, less than half the time, or never?
1 Always (28)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
7 NO SEX WITH MALE PARTNER [GO TO Q24]
8 NO SEX AT ALL [GO TO Q26]
9 REFUSED TO ANSWER
23. How many men have you had sex with in the last 12 months in total?
___ ___ NUMBER OF MEN (29-30)
[90 OR MORE = 90]
98 NO SEX AT ALL [GO TO Q26]
99 RA
IF Q21 AND Q23 ARE 00, GO TO Q26
24. In the last 12 months, how often did you drink alcoholic beverages before
having sex? Would you say always, more than half the time, half the time, less
than half the time, or never?
1 Always (31)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
7 NO SEX LAST 12 MONTHS [GO TO Q26]
9 REFUSED TO ANSWER
25. In the last 12 months, how often did you use drugs before having sex?
1 Always (32)
2 More than half the time
3 Half the time
4 Less than half the time
5 Never
9 REFUSED TO ANSWER
26. Do you think you're going to have sex in the next 30 days? Would you say
yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (33)
27. Is it possible to know beforehand if you're going to have sex?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (34)
In the following questions I am going to ask your opinions about the use of
condoms/rubbers. If you have never had sex or if you have never used a
condom/rubber, please answer the questions trying to imagine how you would
feel in each case.
28. Do you think condoms/rubbers are only for men having sex with female
prostitutes? Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (35)
29. Do you think it's difficult to find places to buy condoms/rubbers?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (36)
30. Would you use a condom/rubber even if you had to stop to buy them or look
for them?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (37)
31. Would you use a condom/rubber even if you had been drinking alcoholic
beverages or using drugs?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (38)
BLANK (39)
33. Would you be able to refuse to have sex if your partner didn't want you to
use a condom/rubber?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (40)
34. Imagine that you used a condom/rubber the next time you had sex.
Would you feel less sexual pleasure than if you didn't use one?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (41)
35. If you used a condom/rubber, would sex last longer than if you didn't use
one?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (42)
36. If you used a condom/rubber, would you feel guilty?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (43)
37. If you used a condom/rubber, would you feel an emotional barrier with
your sex partner?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (44)
38. Do you think the condom/rubber would cause a burning sensation?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (45)
39. Do you think putting on a condom/rubber would interrupt sex?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (46)
40. Do you think sex would be cleaner than if you didn't use a condom/rubber?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (47)
Continue to imagine that you used a condom/rubber the next time you had sex
41. Do you think the condom/rubber would feel uncomfortable or too tight?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (48)
42. Do you think the condom/rubber might come off inside your partner?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (49)
43. Do you think the condom/rubber might break?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (50)
44. If you used a condom/rubber, do you think you might get cancer?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (51)
45. If you used a condom/rubber, do you think a female partner would get
pregnant?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No 9 RA (52)
46. If you used a condom/rubber, would it be more difficult for you to
ejaculate or come than if you didn't use one?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (53)
47. If you used a condom/rubber, would it be more difficult for you to keep an
erection than if you didn't use one?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (54)
In the following questions we'll talk about two types of partners: steady sex
partners and casual sex partners. As you recall, a steady sex partner is a
person one has sex with in an ongoing relationship. A casual sex partner refers
to a person one doesn't know very well and has sex with only once or a few
times.
48. Would you be able to use a condom/rubber with a steady partner?
Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (55)
49. Would you be able to use a condom/rubber with a casual partner?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (56)
Imagine that you were going to have sex with a casual partner and you used
a condom/rubber
50. Do you think you could get a venereal disease such as gonorrhea or
syphilis?
Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (57)
51. If you used a condom/rubber with this casual partner, do you think you
could get the virus that causes AIDS?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (58)
52. If you used a condom/rubber with this casual partner, would you worry
less about giving a steady partner a disease such as syphilis, gonorrhea or
AIDS?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (59)
Imagine that you insisted on using a condom/rubber the next time you had sex
with a steady partner,
53. Would it lead the steady partner to think you had had sex with someone
else?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (60)
54. If you insisted on using condoms/rubbers, do you think a steady partner
would get angry?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (61)
55. Would a casual partner get angry?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (62)
BLANK (63-64)
58. If you insisted on using a condom/rubber, do you think a steady partner
would refuse to have sex with you?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (65)
59. Would a casual partner refuse to have sex with you?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (66)
60. Imagine that you carried condoms/rubbers in your pocket or wallet.
Do you think that your men friends would think badly of you?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (67)
9 RA
61. If you had condoms/rubbers with you, would a casual partner respect you
more than if you didn't have them?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (68)
62. If a woman has condoms/rubbers with her, do you think she is willing to
have sex with someone she just met?
1 Yes 2 Probably Yes 3 Probably No 4 No (69)
Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
(01-04)
Card = 3 (05)
In the following questions we want to know how much you would be bothered
by some things that could happen to a person who used condoms/rubbers.
These questions may seem repetitive but they are very important and we
would appreciate your patience.
The responses can be "A lot" "Somewhat" or "Very little"
63. How much would it bother you to feel less pleasure during sex? Would it
bother you a lot, somewhat or very little?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (06)
64. How much would it bother you to feel a burning sensation in your sex
organs?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (07)
65. How much would it bother you to interrupt sex?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (08)
66. How much would it bother you to feel guilty?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (09)
67. How much would it bother you to have a condom/rubber that feels
uncomfortable or too tight?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (10)
68. How much would it bother you if a condom/rubber came off inside your
partner?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (11)
69. How much would it bother you if a condom/rubber broke?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (12)
70. How much would it bother you if you felt an emotional barrier with your
partner?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (13)
BLANK (14)
72. How much would it bother you if you had trouble ejaculating?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (15)
73. How much would it bother you if you had trouble keeping an erection?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (16)
74. How much would it bother you to get a venereal disease like gonorrhea
or syphilis?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (17)
75. How much would it bother you to have a steady partner think you had had
sex with someone else?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (18)
76. How much would it bother you to have a steady partner get angry?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (19)
77. How much would it bother you to have a casual partner get angry?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (20)
78. How much would it bother you to have a steady partner refuse to have
sex with you?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (21)
79. How much would it bother you to have a casual partner refuse to have
sex with you?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (22)
80. How much would it bother you to have your men friends think badly of you?
1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little (23)
81. Now, please tell me, how much would you like to have a casual partner
respect you more? Would you say a lot, somewhat, or very little?
6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (24)
82. How much would you like not having to worry about giving a steady partner
a disease like syphilis, gonorrhea or AIDS?
6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (25)
83. How much would you like to have sex feel cleaner?
6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (26)
For the following items, first tell me if you would like it or dislike it, then
tell me how much you would like or dislike it.
84. Would you like or dislike having a female sex partner get pregnant now?
How much, a lot, somewhat or very little?
like it: 6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (27)
dislike it: 1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little
85. Would you like or dislike having sex last longer? How much?
like it: 6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (28)
dislike it: 1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little
BLANK (29)
87. Would you like or dislike using a condom/rubber with a steady partner?
How much?
like it: 6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (30)
dislike it: 1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little
88. Would you like or dislike using a condom/rubber with a casual partner?
How much?
like it: 6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (31)
dislike it: 1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little
89. Would you like or dislike carrying a condom/rubber with you? How much?
like it: 6 A lot 5 Somewhat 4 Very little (32)
dislike it: 1 A lot 2 Somewhat 3 Very little
90. How many of your closest men friends do you think carry condoms with
them?
Would you say almost all, more than half, half, less than half or almost none?
[IF THE PERSON DOESN'T KNOW, SAY: "Even if you don't know, please try to
guess"]
(33)
1 Almost 2 More 3 Half 4 Less 5 Almost
all than half than half None
7 NO FRIENDS [GO TO Q93]
91. How many of your closest men friends do you think use condoms/rubbers
when they have sex with a steady partner?
(34)
1 Almost 2 More 3 Half 4 Less 5 Almost
all than half than half None
92. How many of your closest men friends do you think use condoms/rubbers
when they have sex with a casual partner?
(35)
1 Almost 2 More 3 Half 4 Less 5 Almost
all than half than half None
7 NO FRIENDS HAVE CASUAL PARTNERS
93. Try to imagine how comfortable you would feel in the following situations.
How comfortable would you feel buying a condom/rubber? Would you feel very
comfortable, somewhat comfortable, somewhat uncomfortable or very
uncomfortable?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (36)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
94. How comfortable would you feel insisting on using a condom/rubber
with a steady partner?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (37)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
95. How comfortable would you feel insisting on using a condom/rubber with a casual partner?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (38)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
96. How comfortable would you feel putting on a condom/rubber?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (39)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
97. How comfortable would you feel having a condom/rubber put on you?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (40)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
98. How comfortable would you feel using a condom/rubber with a steady
partner?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (41)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
99. How comfortable would you feel using a condom/rubber with a casual
partner?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (42)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
100. How comfortable would you feel being naked in front of a sex partner?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (43)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
101. How comfortable would you feel having sex with the lights on?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (44)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
102. How comfortable would you feel having sex with a new partner?
1 Very 2 Somewhat 3 Somewhat 4 Very (45)
comfortable comfortable uncomfortable uncomfortable
Now I'd like to ask you:
103. Do you have any children?
00 NO YES How many? ___ ___ (46-47)
104. Have you been circumcised?
1 YES 0 NO 8 DON'T KNOW 9 RA (48)
IF NECESSARY, ASK: Do you have a wife or steady partner who is a woman?
YES [GO TO Q105] ***No [GO TO Q111]
105. Is your wife or steady partner pregnant?
1 YES [GO TO Q. 111] (49)
0 NO
7 HE/SHE CANNOT HAVE CHILDREN [GO TO Q111]
8 DON'T KNOW
9 RA
106. Is she trying to get pregnant?
1 YES [GO TO Q. 111] (50)
0 NO
7 HE/SHE CANNOT HAVE CHILDREN [GO TO Q111]
9 RA
107. Has she given birth in the last 3 months?
1 YES [GO TO Q. 111] (51)
0 NO
7 HE/SHE CANNOT HAVE CHILDREN [GO TO Q111]
9 RA
108. Have you or your steady partner used some form of birth control other
than condoms/rubbers in the last 12 months?
YES >>>>>>>>>>>>>>[IF THE ANSWER IS YES] Which kind? (52)
[CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY]
1 PILL
0 NO 2 IUD
3 DIAPHRAGM
4 SPONGE/FOAM/JELLY
5 DOUCHE
9 RA 6 WITHDRAWAL
7 ABORTION
8 OTHER ___________________
IF ANSWER IS YES, GO TO Q111
109. Is there a reason why your partner is unable to have children either due
to an operation or some other cause?
1 YES [GO TO Q. 111] (53)
0 NO
8 DON'T KNOW
9 RA
110. Is there a reason why you are unable to have children either due to an
operation or some other cause?
1 YES (54)
0 NO
8 DON'T KNOW
9 RA
111. Now I'm going to ask you some questions about how you have been feeling
during the last seven days. Since [ TODAY'S DAY OF THE WEEK] of last week
Were you bothered by things that usually don't bother you?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (55)
How many days during the past week?
[DO NOT READ RESPONSES]
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
112. Did you feel like not eating or was your appetite poor?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (56)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
113. Did you feel like you couldn't shake off the blues even with the help of
family and friends?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (57)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
114. Did you feel depressed?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (58)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
115. Did you feel as if your life had been a failure?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (59)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
116. Did you feel afraid?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (60)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
117. Was your sleep restless?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (61)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
118. Did you feel lonely?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (62)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
119. Did you feel sad?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (63)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
120. Did you have crying spells?
O NO [IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]: (64)
How many days during the past week?
1 1-2 DAYS 2 3-4 DAYS 3 5-7 DAYS
IF NON-HISPANIC, GO TO Q128
IF HISPANIC, CONTINUE BELOW
121. Now, please tell me, where were you born?
1 USA [GO TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTION] (65)
2 PUERTO RICO [GO TO Q. 123]
3 MEXICO [GO TO Q. 123]
4 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA [GO TO Q. 123]
5 COLOMBIA [GO TO Q. 123]
6 CENTRAL AMERICA [GO TO Q. 123]
7 SOUTH AMERICA, (NO COLOMBIA) [GO TO Q. 123]
8 SPAIN OR CUBA [GO TO Q. 123]
9 OTHER _______________________ [GO TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTION]
FOR HISPANICS BORN IN THE U.S. OR COUNTRIES LISTED IN 9 ABOVE
122. The families of the majority of people living in the United States come
from other countries. Where is your family from?
[DO NOT READ ALTERNATIVES IF RESPONSE IS MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY,
ASK:]"Which country is the majority of your family from or which country do
you feel closest to?" [CIRCLE ONLY ONE]
2 PUERTO RICO (66)
3 MEXICO
4 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
5 COLOMBIA
6 CENTRAL AMERICA
7 SOUTH AMERICA, (NO COLOMBIA)
8 SPAIN OR CUBA
123. How long have you lived in the United States?
___ ___ YEARS [LESS THAN A YEAR = ONE YEAR{01}] (67-68)
Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
(01-04)
Card = 4 (05)
124. In general what language do you read and speak? Would you say Spanish
only, Spanish more than English, both equally, English more than Spanish, or
English only?
(06)
1 Spanish 2 Spanish more 3 Both 4 English more 5 English
only than English equally than Spanish only
125. What language do you usually speak at home?
(07)
1 Spanish 2 Spanish more 3 Both 4 English more 5 English
only than English equally than Spanish only
126. In which language do you usually think?
(08)
1 Spanish 2 Spanish more 3 Both 4 English more 5 English
only than English equally than Spanish only
127. What language do you usually speak with your friends?
(09)
1 Spanish 2 Spanish more 3 Both 4 English more 5 English
only than English equally than Spanish only
ASK EVERYONE
128. How many years of formal education have you completed?
___ ___ YEARS (10-11)
129. Are you:
1 Married or living with your partner (12)
2 Single
3 Separated or divorced
4 Widowed
130. What is your religion? __________________________
(13)
1 CATHOLIC
2 CHRISTIAN OTHER THAN CATHOLIC
3 OTHER: (SPECIFY: ________________)
4 NONE
131. How important is religion in your life? Would you say:
(14)
1 Extremely important
2 Very important
3 Important
4 Somewhat important
5 Not important at all
BLANK (15-16)
133. Would you say that you live in a town, city, suburb of a city, or a rural
area?
1 TOWN 2 CITY 3 SUBURB 4 RURAL AREA (17)
134. Could you please give me your Zip Code?
__ __ __ __ __ ZIP CODE (18-22)
[99998 >> DK 99999 >> RA]
135. Tell me when I get to the category that best describes your family
income for 1990. [IF LIVING ALONE, ASK FOR PERSONAL INCOME]
[READ RESPONSES]
1 Less than $10,000 (23)
2 $10,001 to 20,000
3 $20,001 to 40,000
4 More than $40,000
8 DON'T KNOW
9 RA
As I already explained, your phone number was chosen at random. To avoid
calling your house again, could you please tell me if there is another
telephone number in your house?
[IF THE ANSWER IS YES] What is it?__________________
Is there more than one number?
OTHER NUMBER(S) ________________________
136. NUMBER OF TELEPHONE LINES _______ (24)
[INCLUDING THE ONE BEING CALLED]
IF NON HISPANIC, GO TO PARAGRAPH BEGINNING:
'This is all for now."
IF HISPANIC, CONTINUE BELOW
137. In the future, it is possible that we will do a study of sexual attitudes
and behavior among Hispanic adolescents. The questions will be very different
from the ones you just answered and will be appropriate for adolescents.
To include an adolescent in that study not only would we need the adolescent's
consent but also the permission of a parent or guardian.
Is there an adolescent in this house who is 15, 16 or 17 years old?
YES How many? _____ NO 0 [GO TO END] (25)
Could you give me the name of the parent or guardian who could give permission
to interview the adolescent, if we do call?
____________________________________________________
138. Could you give me the name(s) of the adolescent(s)?
___________________________________________
ASK IF UNCLEAR: NUMBER OF FEMALES______ (26)
This is all for now. My supervisor may call you back to validate that this
interview was completed. Thank you for your help with this interview.
If you would like any further information about AIDS or AIDS prevention, you
can call this number 1-800-342-2437 [AIDS]. Would you like me to repeat
that number? The call is free and you don't have to give your name.
Again, thank you very much!
__________________________________________________________
TIME AT THE END OF INTERVIEW:___________
139. LENGTH OF INTERVIEW [ IN MINUTES] ___ ___ (27-28)
140. LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW: 0 ENGLISH (29)
141. LANGUAGE CHOICE:
1 RESPONDENT 0 RANDOMLY BY INTERVIEWER (30)
142. INTERVIEWER'S NAME:_________________________ [ ___ ___ ___ ] (31-33)
DATE OF INTERVIEW:_____________________________
INTERVIEW TERMINATED BEFORE COMPLETION
1 YES 0 NO (34)
[IF THE ANSWER IS YES] __ __ __ ITEM NUMBER (35-37)
IS RESPONDENT A MEMBER OF HOUSEHOLD?
1 YES 0 NO (38)Condom use Among Hispanics - Mujeres
Estudio del Uso de Condones 1991 Entrevista Para Mujeres
HORA AL EMPEZAR LA ENTREVISTA: __________________
Muchas de las preguntas que le vamos a hacer son de índole sexual y es
posible que se pueda sentir un poco incómoda. Le recuerdo que sus
respuestas se guardarán completamente confidenciales y que me
puede indicar cualquier pregunta que no quiera contestar.
Quisiera hacerle unas preguntas generales acerca del SIDA. Sus respuestas
pueden ser "sí" "probablemente sí," "probablemente no," o "no."
1. Cree que es posible contraer el virus del SIDA de una picada o
piquete de mosquito? Diría que sí, probablemente
sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (06)
2. Cree que es posible contraer el virus del SIDA al sentarse en un
baño público?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (07)
3. Cree que el SIDA es un problema sólo de los homosexuales y
drogadictos?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (08)
4. Cree que es posible saber por la apariencia si una persona tiene el
virus del SIDA?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (09)
5. Ha conocido personalmente a alguien que tuviera SIDA o estuviera
infectado con el virus del SIDA?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No
8 NO SABE (10)
6. Con qué frecuencia le preocupa el que pudiera contagiarse
del virus que causa el SIDA?
Diría que muy frecuentemente, frecuentemente, a veces, o nunca?
(11)
1 Muy 2 Frecuentemente 3 A veces 4 Nunca
Frecuentemente
Ahora le voy a preguntar acerca de los preservativos o condones.
7. Prefiere que usemos la palabra "preservativo" o "condón?"
1 PRESERVATIVO 2 CONDON (12)
3 NO TIENE PREFERENCIA (USE "PRESERVATIVO")
Las siguientes preguntas se refieren al uso de los preservativos/condones. Si
nunca los ha usado, de todas maneras nos interesan sus respuestas.
8. Cree que la vaselina es buena como crema o lubricante para los
preservativos/condones?
1 SI 0 NO 8 NO SABE (13)
9. Cree que hay que desenrrollar el preservativo/condón antes
de ponérselo al pene?
1 SI 0 NO 8 NO SABE (14)
Ahora quisiera hacerle algunas preguntas acerca de sus experiencias con
preservativos/condones y otras actividades sexuales. Usaré la
palabra "compañero sexual" para referirme a la persona con quien se
tiene relaciones sexuales. Esta información es muy importante para
nuestro estudio. Cada persona tiene diferentes experiencias sexuales, de
modo que algunas preguntas pueden no serle relevantes.
10. Con qué frecuencia lleva preservativos/condones consigo?
Diría que siempre, a veces, casi nunca, o nunca?
1 Siempre 2 A veces 3 Casi nunca 4 Nunca (15)
11. Alguna vez ha tenido relaciones sexuales con un compañero
sexual que usó preservativos/condones?
1 SI (16)
0 NO [PASE A LA P.15]
9 RA
12. Alguna vez ha usado preservativos/condones para evitar un
embarazo?
1 SI 0 NO 9 RA (17)
13. Alguna vez ha usado preservativos/condones para evitar
enfermedades?
1 SI 0 NO 9 RA (18)
14. Cómo consiguió los preservativos/condones?
[NO LEA LAS RESPUESTAS]
[MARQUE UNA SOLA RESPUESTA]
[SI LA ENTREVISTADA DA MAS DE UNA RESPUESTA, PREGUNTE DONDE LOS
OBTUVO CON MAS FRECUENCIA E INDIQUE ESA RESPUESTA SOLAMENTE]
______ LOS COMPRO PREGUNTE: Dónde?
1 FARMACIA O DRUG STORE
2 BAÑO PUBLICO [VENDING MACHINES]
3 SUPERMERCADO
9 RA
(19)
_____ SE LOS REGALARON PREGUNTE: Dónde?
4 EN UNA CLINICA
5 EN LA CALLE
6 UN AMIGO/PARIENTE
7 UN COMPAÑERO SEXUAL
8 EN OTRO LUGAR _____________
9 RA
15. En las siguientes preguntas, hablaremos de un compañero sexual
habitual que se refiere a una persona con quien usualmente se comparte la
vida sexual y podría ser un esposo.
Imagínese que tuviera relaciones sexuales con un esposo o
compañero sexual habitual en los próximos 30 días,
Con qué frecuencia cree que usaría
preservativos/condones ese compañero? Diría que
siempre, más de la mitad de las veces, la mitad de las veces, menos
de la mitad de las veces, o nunca?
[SI LA ENTREVISTADA DICE QUE NO ES APLICABLE, DIGA: "Aunque no sepa,
conteste lo que se imagine."]
1 Siempre (20)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
16. Imagínese que tuviera relaciones sexuales con una persona que no
es su compañero habitual en los próximos 30 días,
Con qué frecuencia cree que usaría
preservativos/condones esa persona? [SI LA ENTREVISTADA DICE QUE NO ES
APLICABLE, DIGA: "Aunque no sepa, conteste lo que se imagine."]
1 Siempre (21)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
17. Durante los últimos 12 meses, o sea desde [ESTE MES] de
1990, ha tenido relaciones sexuales alguna vez?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 19] 0 NO [PASE A LA P.18] (22)
9 RA [PASE A LA P.18]
18. Durante los últimos cinco años ha tenido relaciones
sexuales alguna vez?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 19] 0 NO [PASE A LA P.26] (23)
9 RA [PASE A LA P.26]
19. Como ya se explicó algunas de las preguntas tal vez no son
relevantes a usted. Si no tienen aplicación para usted por favor
indíquelo.
Durante los últimos 12 meses, cuando tuvo relaciones sexuales con su
esposo o compañero habitual, Con qué frecuencia
usó preservativos/condones su compañero?
Diría que siempre, más de la mitad de las veces, la
mitad de las veces, menos de la mitad de las veces, o nunca?
1 Siempre (24)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
6 NO COMPAÑERO HOMBRE [PASE A LA P. 26]
7 NO COMPAÑERO HABITUAL
8 NO RELACIONES SEXUALES EN LOS ULTIMOS 12 MESES [PASE A LA P. 26]
9 RA
20. Durante los últimos 12 meses, cuando tuvo relaciones sexuales con
algún hombre diferente de su esposo o compañero habitual,
Con qué frecuencia usó preservativos/condones ese
compañero?
1 Siempre (25)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
7 NO COMPAÑERO CASUAL
8 NO RELACIONES SEXUALES [PASE A LA P. 26]
9 RA
BLANK (26-28)
23. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con cuántos
hombres en total ha tenido relaciones sexuales?
______ NUMERO DE HOMBRES [90 O MAS = 90] 99 RA (29-30)
SI LA RESPUESTA A LA PREGUNTA ANTERIOR ES 00, PASE A LA P. 26
24. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con qué frecuencia
tomó bebidas alcoholicas antes de tener relaciones sexuales?
Diría que siempre, más de la mitad de las veces, la
mitad de las veces, menos de la mitad de las veces, o nunca?
1 Siempre (31)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
25. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con qué frecuencia
usó drogas antes de tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Siempre (32)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
26. Cree que va a tener relaciones sexuales en los próximos 30
días? Diría que sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (33)
27. Es posible saber de antemano si va a tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (34)
En las siguientes preguntas le voy a pedir sus opiniones acerca del uso de los
preservativos/condones. Si nunca ha tenido relaciones sexuales o nunca ha
usado un preservativo/condón por favor conteste imaginándose
como se sentiría en cada caso.
28. Cree que el preservativo/condón es sólo para las
relaciones sexuales de hombres con prostitutas? Diría que
sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (35)
29. Cree que es difícil encontrar donde comprar
preservativos/condones?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (36)
BLANK (37)
31. Le pediría a un compañero sexual que usara un
preservativo/condón aunque usted hubiera estado tomando bebidas
alcohólicas o usando drogas?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (38)
32. Se sentiría capaz de pedirle a un compañero que
usara un preservativo/condón si pensara que está teniendo
relaciones sexuales con otra persona?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (39)
33. Se sentiría capaz de rehusarse a tener relaciones sexuales
si su compañero no quisiera usar un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (40)
34. Imagínese que la próxima vez que tuviera relaciones
sexuales su compañero usara un preservativo/condón.
Sentiría usted menos placer sexual que si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (41)
35. Si su compañero sexual usara un preservativo/condón,
durarían más tiempo las relaciones sexuales que si no
lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (42)
36. Si su compañero sexual usara un preservativo/condón,
Se sentiría culpable usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (43)
37. Si se usara un preservativo/condón, Sentiría una
barrera emocional con su
compañero sexual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (44)
38. Cree que el preservativo/condón le produciría una
sensación de ardor?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (45)
39. Cree que se interrumpiría el acto sexual al ponerse su
compañero un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (46)
40. Cree que las relaciones sexuales serían más
limpias que si no usara su compañero un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (47)
Continue imaginándose que la próxima vez que tuviera
relaciones sexuales su compañero usara un preservativo/condón.
41. Cree que el preservativo/condón se le haría
incómodo o apretado a su compañero sexual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (48)
42. Cree que podría quedarse el preservativo/condón
dentro de usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (49)
43. Cree que el preservativo/condón podría romperse?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (50)
44. Si su compañero sexual usara un preservativo/condón,
Cree que podría contraer cáncer usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (51)
45. Si su compañero sexual usara un preservativo/condón,
Cree que quedaría embarazada?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (52)
9 RA
46. Si su compañero sexual usara un preservativo/condón,
Se le haría más difícil eyacular o acabar que
si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (53)
47. Si su compañero usara un preservativo/condón, Se
le haría más difícil mantener una erección que
si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (54)
En las siguientes preguntas, hablaremos de dos tipos de compañero
sexual: el compañero sexual habitual y el compañero sexual
casual. Como ya le explicamos, compañero sexual habitual se refiere a
una persona con quien usualmente se comparte la vida sexual.
Compañero sexual casual se refiere a una persona poco conocida con
quien uno tiene relaciones sexuales una o pocas veces.
48. Se sentiría capaz de pedirle a un compañero sexual
habitual que use un preservativo/condón?
Diría que sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (55)
49. Se sentiría capaz de pedirle a un compañero sexual
casual que use un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (56)
Imagínese que fuera a tener relaciones sexuales con un
compañero sexual casual y que él usara un
preservativo/condón
50. Cree que podría contraer una enfermedad venérea
como sífilis o gonorrhea?
Diría que sí, probablemente sí, probablemente
no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (57)
51. Cree que podría contraer el virus que causa el SIDA si
este compañero casual usara un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (58)
52. Si este compañero casual usara un preservativo/condón, se
preocuparía usted menos de infectar a un compañero habitual
con una enfermedad como sífilis, gonorrea o SIDA?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (59)
Imagínese que la próxima vez que tenga relaciones sexuales
con un compañero sexual habitual le pidiera que usara un preservativo/condón:
53. Le haría creer al compañero habitual que usted
había tenido relaciones sexuales con otra persona?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (60)
54. Si le pidiera a un compañero habitual que usara
preservativos/condones, Cree que se enojaría?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (61)
55. Se enojaría un compañero casual ?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (62)
56. Si le pidiera a un compañero habitual que usara
preservativos/condones, Se pondría violento?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (63)
57. Se pondría violento un compañero casual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (64)
58. Si le pidiera a un compañero habitual que usara
preservativos/condones, cree que se rehusaría a tener
relaciones sexuales con usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (65)
59. Se rehusaría a tener relaciones sexuales con usted un
compañero casual ?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (66)
60. Imaginese que usted llevara preservativos/condones en un bolsillo o en
una bolsa o una cartera. Cree que sus amigas pensarían mal de usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No 9 RA (67)
61. Si usted llevara preservativos/condones consigo, Cree que un
compañero casual sentiría más respeto por usted que si no los llevara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (68)
62. Si llevara preservativos/condones consigo, pensarían los
hombres que está dispuesta a tener relaciones sexuales con un recién conocido?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (69)
Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
(01-04)
Card = 3 (05)
En las siguientes preguntas queremos saber que tanto le molestarían
cosas que podrían sucederle a una persona que usara
preservativos/condones. Estas preguntas le pueden parecer un poco
repetidas, pero son muy importantes y le agradecemos su paciencia. Las
respuestas pueden ser "Mucho" "Algo" o "Muy poco."
63. Qué tanto le molestaría sentir menos placer
sexual? Diría que le molestaría mucho, algo, o muy poco?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (06)
64. Qué tanto le molestaría sentir ardor en los organos
sexuales?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (07)
65. Qué tanto le molestaría interrumpir el acto
sexual?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (08)
66. Qué tanto le molestaría sentirse culpable?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (09)
67. Qué tanto le molestaría que un
preservativo/condón le fuera incómodo o le apretara mucho
a su compañero?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (10)
68. Qué tanto le molestaría que un
preservativo/condón se quedara dentro de usted?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (11)
69. Qué tanto le molestaría que un
preservativo/condón se rompiera?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (12)
70. Qué tanto le molestaría sentir una barrera
emocional con su compañero?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (13)
BLANK (14)
72. Qué tanto le molestaría que su compañero
tuviera dificultad para eyacular o acabar?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (15)
73. Qué tanto le molestaría que su compañero
tuviera dificultad para mantener la erección?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (16)
74. Qué tanto le molestaría contraer una enfermedad
venérea, como la gonorrea o el sífilis?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (17)
75. Qué tanto le molestaría que su compañero
habitual pensara que había tenido relaciones sexuales con otra persona?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (18)
76. Qué tanto le molestaría que un compañero
habitual se sintiera enojada?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (19)
77. Qué tanto le molestaría que un compañero
casual se sintiera enojada?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (20)
78. Qué tanto le molestaría que un compañero
habitual se rehusara a tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (21)
79. Qué tanto le molestaría que un compañero
casual se rehusara a tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (22)
80. Qué tanto le molestaría que sus amigas pensaran
mal de usted?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (23)
81. Ahora por favor dígame, qué tanto le gustaría que un
compañero casual sintiera más respeto por usted?
Diría que mucho, algo, o muy poco?
6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (24)
82. Qué tanto le gustaría no tener que preocuparse de
darle a su compañero habitual una enfermedad como sífilis,
gonorrea o SIDA?
6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (25)
83. Qué tanto le gustaría que las relaciones sexuales
fueran mas limpias a causa del
preservativo/condón?
6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (26)
Para las siguientes preguntas, primero dígame si le gustaría o
le molestaría y luego dígame cuanto le gustaría o le
molestaría:
84. Le gustaría o le molestaría quedar embarazada
ahora? Qué tanto: Mucho, algo o muy poco?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (27)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
85. Le gustaría o le molestaría que las relaciones
sexuales duraran más? Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (28)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
86. Le gustaría o le molestaría que los hombres pensaran que
está dispuesta a tener relaciones sexuales con un recién
conocido? Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (29)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
87. Le gustaría o le molestaría usar un
preservativo/condón con un compañero habitual? Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (30)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
88. Le gustaría o le molestaría usar un
preservativo/condón con un compañero casual?
Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (31)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
89. Le gustaría o le molestaría llevar un
preservativo/condón consigo?
Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (32)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
90. De sus amigas más cercanas, Cuántas cree que
llevan preservativos/condones consigo? Diría que casi todas,
mas de la mitad, la mitad, menos de la mitad, o casi ninguna?
[SI NO SABE, DIGA: "Aunque no sepa con seguridad, conteste lo que se
imagine"]
1 Casi 2 Más de 3 La Mitad 4 Menos de 5 Casi (33)
Todas la Mitad la mitad Ninguna
7 NO TIENE NINGUNA AMIGA [PASE A LA P.93]
91. De sus amigas más cercanas, Cuántas cree que usan
preservativos/condones cuando tienen relaciones sexuales con un
compañero habitual?
1 Casi 2 Más de 3 La Mitad 4 Menos de 5 Casi (34)
Todas la Mitad la mitad Ninguna
92. De sus amigas más cercanas, Cuántas cree que usan
preservativos/condones cuando tienen relaciones sexuales con un
compañero casual?
1 Casi 2 Más de 3 La Mitad 4 Menos de 5 Casi (35)
Todas la Mitad la mitad Ninguna
7 NINGUNA AMIGA TIENE C. CASUAL
93. Trate de imaginarse que tan cómoda se sentiría en las
siguientes situaciones.
Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al comprar un
preservativo/condón? Diría que muy cómoda,
algo cómoda, algo incómoda, o muy incómoda?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (36)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
94. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al pedirle a un
compañero habitual que use un
preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (37)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
95. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al pedirle a un
compañero casual que use un preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (38)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
96. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al ver a su
compañero ponerse un preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (39)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
97. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al ponerle un
preservativo/condón a su compañero?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (40)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
98. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría si un
compañero habitual usara un preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (41)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
99. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría si un
compañero casual usara un preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (42)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
100. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al estar
desnuda frente a un compañero sexual?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (43)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
101. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al tener
relaciones sexuales con la luz prendida?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (44)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
102. Qué tan cómoda se sentiría al tener
relaciones sexuales con un compañero nuevo?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (45)
cómoda cómoda incómoda incómoda
Ahora, quisiera preguntarle...
103. Tiene hijos?
(46-47)
(00) NO SI Cuántos?____ ____
BLANK (48)
SI ES NECESARIO: Tiene esposo o un compañero habitual?
SI>>>[PASE A LA P. 105] NO>>>[PASE A LA P. 111]
105. Está embarazada?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (49)
0 NO
7 EL/ELLA NO PUEDE TENER HIJOS [PASE A LA P. 111]
8 NO SABE
9 RA
106. Está intentando quedar embarazada?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (50)
0 NO
7 EL/ELLA NO PUEDE TENER HIJOS [PASE A LA P. 111]
8 NO SABE
9 RA
IF Q103 ABOVE IS 00, GO TO Q108
107. Ha dado a luz durante los últimos tres meses?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (51)
0 NO
7 EL/ELLA NO PUEDE TENER HIJOS [PASE A LA P. 111]
8 NO SABE
9 RA
108. Aparte de preservativos/condones, Ha usado usted o su
compañero habitual algún método para evitar tener
hijos en los últimos 12 meses?
SI >>>>>>>>[SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI] Qué clase? (52)
[ANOTE TODAS LAS QUE SE APLIQUEN]
1 PASTILLA/LA PILDORA
0 NO 2 DIU
3 DIAFRAGMA
4 ESPONJA/JALEA/ESPUMA
5 LAVADO
9 RA 6 RETIRARSE
7 ABORTO
8 OTRO ____________________
SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, PASE A LA P. 111
109. Hay alguna razón por la cual su compañero
habitual no pueda tener hijos, ya sea por operación o cualquier otra
causa?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (53)
0 NO
8 NO SABE
9 RA
110. Hay alguna razón por la cual no pueda tener hijos, ya sea
por operación o cualquier otra causa?
1 SI (54)
0 NO
8 NO SABE
9 RA
111. Ahora le voy a hacer algunas preguntas acerca de cómo se ha
sentido en los últimos siete días. Desde el [DIA DE LA
SEMANA DE HOY] de la semana pasada.
Le molestaron cosas que por lo general no le molestan?
0 NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (55)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
112. Se sintió sin ganas de comer o tuvo mal apetito?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (56)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
113. Sintió que no podía quitarse de encima la
tristeza ni aún con el apoyo de su familia y amigos?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (57)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
114. Se sentió deprimida?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (58)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
115. Sintió que su vida había sido un fracaso?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (59)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
116. Se sintió con miedo?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (60)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
117. Tuvo sueño inquieto?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (61)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
118. Se ha sentido sola?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (62)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
119. Se sintió triste?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (63)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
120. Pasó ratos llorando?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (64)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
121. Ahora, me podría decir, Dónde nació?
1 ESTADOS UNIDOS [PASE A LA SIGUIENTE PREGUNTA] (65)
2 PUERTO RICO [PASE A LA P.123]
3 MEXICO [PASE A LA P.123]
4 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA [PASE A LA P.123]
5 COLOMBIA [PASE A LA P.123]
6 CENTRO AMERICA [PASE A LA P.123]
7 SUR AMERICA,(NO COLOMBIA) [PASE A LA P.123]
8 CUBA/ESPAÑA [PASE A LA P.123]
9 OTRO ______________ [PASE A LA SIGUIENTE PREGUNTA]
PARA LOS QUE NACIERON EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
O CUALQUIER OTRO PAIS APUNTADO ARRIBA COMO #9
122. Las familias de la mayoría de las personas que viven en los
Estados Unidos provienen de otros países.
De dónde viene su familia?
[NO LEA LAS ALTERNATIVAS]
[SI RESPONDE DICIENDO MAS DE UN PAIS, PREGUNTE: "De cuál
país proviene la mayoría de su familia o por cuál
país siente mas cariño o apego?"]
[MARQUE SOLAMENTE UNO]
2 PUERTO RICO (66)
3 MEXICO
4 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
5 COLOMBIA
6 CENTRO AMERICA
7 SUR AMERICA, (NO COLOMBIA)
8 CUBA
123. Cuánto tiempo ha vivido en los Estados Unidos?
___ ___ AÑOS [MENOS DE UN AÑO = UN AÑO {01}] (67-68)
Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
(01-04)
Card = 4 (05)
124. Por lo general, Qué idioma lee y habla usted?
Diría que sólo español, más
español que inglés, ambos por igual, más inglés
que español o sólo inglés?
(06)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español
inglés
125. Por lo general, Qué idioma habla en su casa?
(07)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
126. Por lo general, En qué idioma piensa?
(08)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
127. Por lo general, Qué idioma habla con sus amigos?
(09)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
128. Cuántos años de educación formal ha completado?
____ ____ AÑOS (10-11)
129. Está usted:
1 casada o viviendo con su compañero, (12)
2 soltera,
3 separada o divorciada, o
4 viuda?
130. Cuál es su religión?________________________
1 CATOLICA (13)
2 CRISTIANA [NO CATOLICA]
3 OTRA: (ESPECIFIQUE.. _________)
4 NINGUNA
131. Qué tan importante es la religión en su vida?
Diría que es:
1 sumamente importante (14)
2 muy importante
3 importante
4 algo importante
5 nada importante
132. Cúantos años tiene de estar empleada, de tiempo
completo o de tiempo parcial, sin incluir trabajo en su casa?
_____ AÑOS (15-16)
133. Diría que vive en un pueblo, una ciudad, en los
alrededores de una ciudad o en un área rural?
1 PUEBLO (17)
2 CIUDAD
3 ALREDEDORES
4 RURAL
134. Podría decirme cual es su código postal o zip code?
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ (18-22)
99998 DK 99999 RA
135. Por favor dígame dentro de qué categoría caen los
ingresos de su familia para el año 1990: [SI VIVE SOLO, "sus ingresos
personales"]
1 menos de $10,000 (23)
2 entre $10,001 y $20,000
3 entre $20,001 y $40,000
4 más de $40,000
8 NO SABE
9 RA
136. Como ya le expliqué su número de teléfono se
escogió al azar o a la suerte. Para no volver a llamar a esta casa,
Me podría decir si hay otro número de teléfono
que pertenece a su casa?
[SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI] Cuál es?__________________
Hay otro más? NUMEROS TELEFONICOS
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
CUANTOS TELEFONOS SON? ______ (24)
[INCLUYENDO EL QUE SE ESTA LLAMANDO]
137. En el futuro, es posible que hagamos un estudio de las actitudes y
conductas sexuales de los adolescentes Hispanos o Latinos. Será un
estudio bastante diferente a éste y adecuado a los intereses y
sensibilidad de los adolescentes. Para incluir a un adolescente en ese
estudio no sólo se necesitaría el consentimiento de ese o esa
adolescente sino también el permiso de uno de los padres o
guardián
Hay algún adolescente en esta casa que tenga 15, 16, o 17 años de edad?
SI (Cuantos son?) ______ NO 0 [PASE AL FINAL] (25)
Podría darme el nombre del padre, la madre o el
guardián que podría dar el permiso para entrevistar al/a los
adolescente(s), si le volviéramos a llamar?
_________________________________
138. Podría darme el/los nombre(s) del/de los adolescente(s)?
_____________________________________________________
_____ MUJERES (26)
Hemos terminado. Tal vez reciba una llamada de mi supervisor para verificar
mi trabajo. Muchísimas gracias por su ayuda. Si desea recibir
más información sobre el SIDA o su prevención puede
llamar, gratis y sin dar su nombre al 1-800-344-7432 .
Quiere que le repita el número?. . . . De nuevo, ¡muchísimas gracias!
__________________________________________________________
139. TIME AT THE END OF INTERVIEW: ________________________
CUANTO TIEMPO TARDO LA ENTREVISTA [EN MINUTOS] ___ ___ (27-28)
140. LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW: 1 SPANISH (29)
141. LANGUAGE CHOICE:
1 RESPONDENT 0 RANDOMLY BY INTERVIEWER (30)
142. INTERVIEWER'S NAME:_________________________ [ ___ ___ ___ ] (31-33)
DATE OF INTERVIEW:_____________________________
INTERVIEW TERMINATED BEFORE COMPLETION:
1 SI 0 NO (34)
[SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI]: __ __ __ ITEM NUMBER (35-37)
IS RESPONDENT A MEMBER OF HOUSEHOLD? (38)
1 YES 0 NOCondom use Among Hispanics - Hombres
Estudio del Uso de Condones 1991 Entrevista Para Hombres
HORA AL EMPEZAR LA ENTREVISTA: __________________
Muchas de las preguntas que le vamos a hacer son de índole sexual y es
posible que se pueda sentir un poco incómodo. Le recuerdo que sus
respuestas se guardarán completamente confidenciales y que me
puede indicar cualquier pregunta que no quiera contestar.
Quisiera hacerle unas preguntas generales acerca del SIDA. Sus respuestas
pueden ser "sí" "probablemente sí," "probablemente no," o "no."
1. Cree que es posible contraer el virus del SIDA de una picada o
piquete de mosquito?
Diría que sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (06)
2. Cree que es posible contraer el virus del SIDA al sentarse en un
baño público?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (07)
3. Cree que el SIDA es un problema sólo de los homosexuales y
drogadictos?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (08)
4. Cree que es posible saber por la apariencia si una persona tiene el
virus del SIDA?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (09)
5. Ha conocido personalmente a alguien que tuviera SIDA o estuviera
infectado con el virus del SIDA?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (10)
8 NO SABE
6. Con qué frecuencia le preocupa el que pudiera contagiarse
del virus que causa el SIDA?
Diría que muy frecuentemente, frecuentemente, a veces, o nunca?
(11)
1 Muy 2 Frecuentemente 3 A veces 4 Nunca
Frecuentemente
Ahora le voy a preguntar acerca de los preservativos o condones.
7. Prefiere que usemos la palabra "preservativo" o "condón?"
1 PRESERVATIVO 2 CONDON (12)
3 NO TIENE PREFERENCIA (USE "PRESERVATIVO")
Las siguientes preguntas se refieren al uso de los preservativos/condones.
Si nunca los ha usado, de todas maneras nos interesan sus respuestas.
8. Cree que la vaselina es buena como crema o lubricante para los
preservativos/condones?
1 SI 0 NO 8 NO SABE (13)
9 Cree que hay que desenrrollar el preservativo/condón antes
de ponérselo al pene?
1 SI 0 NO 8 NO SABE (14)
Ahora quisiera hacerle algunas preguntas acerca de sus experiencias con
preservativos/condones y otras actividades sexuales. Usaré la
palabra "compañera sexual" para referirme a la persona con quien se
tiene relaciones sexuales. Esta información es muy importante para
nuestro estudio. Cada persona tiene diferentes experiencias sexuales, de
modo que algunas preguntas pueden no serle relevantes.
10. Con qué frecuencia lleva preservativos/condones consigo?
Diría que siempre, a veces, casi nunca, o nunca?
1 Siempre 2 A veces 3 Casi nunca 4 Nunca (15)
11. Ha usado preservativos/condones alguna vez en su vida?
1 SI (16)
0 NO [PASE A LA P.15]
9 RA
12. Alguna vez ha usado preservativos/condones para evitar un
embarazo?
1 SI 0 NO 9 RA (17)
13. Alguna vez ha usado preservativos/condones para evitar
enfermedades?
1 SI 0 NO 9 RA (18)
14. Cómo consiguió los preservativos/condones?
[NO LEA LAS RESPUESTAS]
[MARQUE UNA SOLA RESPUESTA]
[SI EL ENTREVISTADO DA MAS DE UNA RESPUESTA, PREGUNTE DONDE LOS
OBTUVO CON MAS FRECUENCIA E INDIQUE ESA RESPUESTA SOLAMENTE]
______ LOS COMPRO PREGUNTE: Dónde?
1 FARMACIA O DRUG STORE
2 BAÑO PUBLICO [VENDING MACHINES]
3 SUPERMERCADO
9 RA
(19)
_____ SE LOS REGALARON PREGUNTE: Dónde?
4 EN UNA CLINICA
5 EN LA CALLE
6 UN AMIGO/PARIENTE
7 UNA COMPAÑERA SEXUAL
8 EN OTRO LUGAR _____________
9 RA
15. En las siguientes preguntas, hablaremos de una compañera sexual
habitual que se refiere a una persona con quien usualmente se comparte la
vida sexual y podría ser una esposa.
Imagínese que tuviera relaciones sexuales con una esposa o
compañera sexual habitual en los próximos 30 días.
Con qué frecuencia cree que usaría
preservativos/condones? Diría que siempre, más de
la mitad de las veces, la mitad de las veces, menos de la mitad de las veces,
o nunca?
[SI EL ENTREVISTADO DICE QUE NO ES APLICABLE, DIGA: "Aunque no sepa,
conteste lo que se imagine."]
1 Siempre (20)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
16. Imagínese que tuviera relaciones sexuales con una persona que no
es su compañera habitual en los próximos 30 días,
Con qué frecuencia cree que usaría
preservativos/condones?
[SI EL ENTREVISTADO DICE QUE NO ES APLICABLE, DIGA: "Aunque no sepa,
conteste lo que se imagine."]
1 Siempre (21)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
17. Durante los últimos 12 meses, o sea desde [ESTE MES] de
1990, ha tenido relaciones sexuales alguna vez?
1 SI [PASE A LA P.19] 0 NO [PASE A LA P.18] (22)
9 RA [PASE A LA P.18]
18. Durante los últimos cinco años ha tenido relaciones
sexuales alguna vez?
1 SI [PASE A LA P.19] 0 NO [PASE A LA P.26] (23)
9 RA [PASE A LA P.26]
19. Como ya se explicó, algunas de las preguntas tal vez no son
relevantes a usted. Si no tienen aplicación para usted por favor
indíquelo.
Durante los últimos 12 meses, cuando tuvo relaciones sexuales con su
esposa o compañera habitual, Con qué frecuencia
usó preservativos/condones? Diría que siempre,
más de la mitad de las veces, la mitad de las veces, menos de la
mitad de las veces, o nunca?
1 Siempre (24)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
7 NO COMPAÑERA HABITUAL
8 NO RELACIONES SEXUALES EN LOS ULTIMOS 12 MESES [PASE A LA P. 26]
9 RA
20. Durante los últimos 12 meses, cuando tuvo relaciones sexuales
con una mujer diferente de su esposa o compañera sexual habitual
Con qué frecuencia usó preservativos/condones?
1 Siempre (25)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
7 NO COMPAÑERA CASUAL
8 NO RELACIONES CON MUJER [PASE A LA P. 22]
9 RA
21. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con cuántas
mujeres en total ha tenido relaciones sexuales?
___ ___ NUMERO DE MUJERES (26-27)
[90 0 MAS = 90] 99 RA
22. Durante los últimos 12 meses, si tuvo relaciones sexuales con
algún hombre, Con qué frecuencia usó
preservativos/condones? Diría que siempre, más de
la mitad de las veces, la mitad de las veces, menos de la mitad de las veces,
o nunca?
1 Siempre (28)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
7 NO RELACIONES CON HOMBRES [PASE A LA P. 24]
8 NO HA TENIDO RELACIONES SEXUALES [PASE A LA P. 26]
9 RA
23. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con cuántos
hombres en total ha tenido relaciones sexuales?
___ ___ NUMERO DE HOMBRES (29-30)
[90 0 MAS = 90]
98 NO HA TENIDO RELACIONES SEXUALES [PASE A LA P. 26]
99 RA
SI NO RELACIONES SEXUALES EN AÑO PASADO, PASE A LA P. 26
24. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con qué frecuencia
tomó bebidas alcohólicas antes de tener relaciones sexuales?
Diría que siempre, más de la mitad de las veces, la
mitad de las veces, menos de la mitad de las veces, o nunca?
1 Siempre (31)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
25. Durante los últimos 12 meses, Con qué frecuencia
usó drogas antes de tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Siempre (32)
2 Más de la mitad de las veces
3 La mitad de las veces
4 Menos de la mitad de las veces
5 Nunca
9 RA
26. Cree que va a tener relaciones sexuales en los próximos 30
días? Diría que sí, probablemente sí,
probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (33)
27. Es posible saber de antemano si va a tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (34)
En las siguientes preguntas le voy a pedir sus opiniones acerca del uso de los
preservativos/condones. Si nunca ha tenido relaciones sexuales o nunca ha
usado un preservativo/condón por favor conteste imaginándose
como se sentiría en cada caso.
28. Cree que el preservativo/condón es sólo para las
relaciones sexuales de hombres con prostitutas? Diría que
sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (35)
29. Cree que es difícil encontrar donde comprar
preservativos/condones?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (36)
30. Usaría un preservativo/condón aunque tuviera que
detenerse para comprar o buscarlo?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (37)
31. Usaría un preservativo/condón aunque hubiera
estado tomando bebidas alcohólicas o usando drogas?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (38)
BLANK (39)
33. Se sentiría capaz de rehusarse a tener relaciones sexuales
si su compañera no quisiera que usara un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (40)
34. Imagínese que la próxima vez que tuviera relaciones
sexuales usara un preservativo/condón. Sentiría
menos placer sexual que si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (41)
35. Si usara un preservativo/condón, Durarían
más tiempo las relaciones sexuales que si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (42)
36. Si usara un preservativo/condón, Se sentiría
culpable?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (43)
37. Si usara un preservativo/condón Sentiría una
barrera emocional con su compañera sexual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (44)
38. Cree que el preservativo/condón le produciría una
sensación de ardor?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (45)
39. Cree que se interrumpiría el acto sexual al ponerse un
preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (46)
40. Cree que las relaciones sexuales serían más
limpias que si no usara un preservativo/condón?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (47)
Continue imaginándose que la próxima vez que tuviera
relaciones sexuales usara un preservativo/condón.
41. Cree que el preservativo/condón se le haría
incómodo o apretado?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (48)
42. Cree que podría quedarse el preservativo/condón
dentro de su compañera sexual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (49)
43. Cree que el preservativo/condón podría romperse?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (50)
44. Si usara un preservativo/condón, Cree que podría
contraer cáncer?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (51)
45. Si usara un preservativo/condón, Cree que su
compañera sexual quedaría embarazada?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (52)
9 RA
46. Si usara un preservativo/condón, Se le haría
más difícil eyacular o acabar que si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (53)
47. Si usara un preservativo/condón, Se le haría
más difícil mantener una erección que si no lo usara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (54)
En las siguientes preguntas, hablaremos de dos tipos de compañera
sexual: la compañera sexual habitual y la compañera sexual
casual. Como ya le explicamos, compañera sexual habitual se refiere a
una persona con quien usualmente se comparte la vida sexual.
Compañera sexual casual se refiere a una persona poco conocida con
quien uno tiene relaciones sexuales una o pocas veces.
48.Se sentiría capaz de usar un preservativo/condón
con una compañera sexual habitual? Diría que
sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (55)
49. Se sentiría capaz de usar un preservativo/condón
con una compañera sexual casual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (56)
Imagínese que fuera a tener relaciones sexuales con una
compañera sexual casual y que usara un preservativo/condón
50. Cree que podría contraer una enfermedad venérea
como sífilis o gonorrea?
Diría que sí, probablemente sí, probablemente no, o no?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (57)
51. Cree que podría contraer el virus que causa el SIDA si
usara un preservativo/condón con esta compañera casual?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (58)
52. Si usara un preservativo/condón con esta compañera casual,
Se preocuparía menos de infectar a una compañera
habitual con una enfermedad como sífilis, gonorrea o SIDA?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (59)
Imagínese que la próxima vez que tenga relaciones sexuales
con una compañera sexual habitual usted insistiera en usar un
preservativo/condón
53. Le haría creer a la compañera habitual que usted
había tenido relaciones sexuales con otra persona?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (60)
54. Si insistiera en usar preservativos/condones, cree que una
compañera habitual se enojaría?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (61)
55. Se enojaría una compañera casual ?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (62)
BLANK (63-64)
58. Si insistiera en usar un preservativo/condón, Cree que una
compañera habitual se rehusaría a tener relaciones sexuales
con usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (65)
59. Se rehusaría a tener relaciones sexuales con usted una
compañera casual ?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (66)
60. Imaginese que llevara preservativos/condones en una billetera o en el
bolsillo. Cree que sus amigos pensarían mal de usted?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (67)
9 RA
61. Si llevara preservativos/condones consigo, Cree que una
compañera casual sentiría más respeto por usted que si
no los llevara?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (68)
62. Si una mujer llevara preservativos/condones consigo
Pensaría usted que está dispuesta a tener relaciones
sexuales con un recién conocido?
1 Sí 2 Probablemente Sí 3 Probablemente No 4 No (69)
Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
(01-04)
Card = 3 (05)
En las siguientes preguntas queremos saber que tanto le molestarían
cosas que podrían sucederle a una persona que usara
preservativos/condones. Estas preguntas le pueden parecer un poco
repetidas, pero son muy importantes y le agradecemos su paciencia.
Las respuestas pueden ser "Mucho" "Algo" o "Muy poco"
63. Qué tanto le molestaría sentir menos placer
sexual?
Diría que le molestaría mucho, algo, o muy poco?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (06)
64. Qué tanto le molestaría sentir ardor en los
órganos sexuales?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (07)
65. Qué tanto le molestaría interrumpir el acto
sexual?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (08)
66. Qué tanto le molestaría sentirse culpable?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (09)
67. Qué tanto le molestaría que un
preservativo/condón se sintiera incómodo o apretado?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (10)
68.Qué tanto le molestaría que el
preservativo/condón se quedara dentro de su compañera?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (11)
69. Qué tanto le molestaría que un
preservativo/condón se rompiera?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (12)
70. Qué tanto le molestaría sentir una barrera
emocional con su compañera?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (13)
BLANK (14)
72. Qué tanto le molestaría tener dificultades para
eyacular o acabar?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (15)
73. Qué tanto le molestaría tener dificultades para
mantener la erección?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (16)
74. Qué tanto le molestaría contraer una enfermedad
venérea, como la gonorrea o el sífilis?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (17)
75. Qué tanto le molestaría que su compañera
habitual pensara que había tenido relaciones sexuales con otra
persona?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (18)
76. Qué tanto le molestaría que una compañera
habitual se sintiera enojada?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (19)
77. Qué tanto le molestaría que una compañera
casual se sintiera enojada?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (20)
78. Qué tanto le molestaría que una compañera
habitual se rehusara a tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (21)
79. Qué tanto le molestaría que una compañera
casual se rehusara a tener relaciones sexuales?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (22)
80. Qué tanto le molestaría que sus amigos pensaran
mal de usted?
1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco (23)
81. Ahora por favor dígame, Qué tanto le
gustaría que una compañera casual sintiera mas respeto por
usted? Diría que mucho, algo, o muy poco?
6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (24)
82. Qué tanto le gustaría no tener que preocuparse de
darle a su compañera habitual una enfermedad como sífilis,
gonorrea o SIDA?
6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (25)
83. Qué tanto le gustaría que las relaciones sexuales
fueran mas limpias a causa del preservativo/condón?
6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (26)
Para las siguientes preguntas, primero dígame si le gustaría o
le molestaría y luego dígame cuanto le gustaría o le
molestaría:
84. Le gustaría o le molestaría que una
compañera sexual quedara embarazada ahora?
Qué tanto: Mucho, algo o muy poco?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (27)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
85. Le gustaría o le molestaría que las relaciones
sexuales duraran más?
Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (28)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
Blank (29)
87. Le gustaría o le molestaría usar un
preservativo/condón con una compañera habitual?
Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (30)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
88. Le gustaría o le molestaría usar un
preservativo/condón con una compañera casual?
Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (31)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
89. Le gustaría o le molestaría llevar un
preservativo/condón consigo? Qué tanto?
le gustaría: 6 Mucho 5 Algo 4 Muy poco (32)
le molestaría: 1 Mucho 2 Algo 3 Muy poco
90. De sus amigos más cercanos, Cuántos cree que
llevan preservativos/condones consigo? Diría que casi todos,
más de la mitad, la mitad, menos de la mitad, o casi ninguno?
[SI NO SABE, DIGA: "Aunque no sepa con seguridad, conteste lo que se
imagine]
1 Casi 2 Más de 3 La Mitad 4 Menos de 5 Casi (33)
Todos la Mitad la mitad Ninguno
7 NO TIENE NINGUN AMIGO [PASE A LA P.93]
91. De sus amigos más cercanos, Cuántos cree que usan
preservativos/condones cuando tienen relaciones sexuales con una
compañera habitual?
1 Casi 2 Más de 3 La Mitad 4 Menos de 5 Casi (34)
Todos la Mitad la mitad Ninguno
92. De sus amigos más cercanos, Cuántos cree que usan
preservativos/condones cuando tienen relaciones sexuales con una
compañera casual?
1 Casi 2 Más de 3 La Mitad 4 Menos de 5 Casi (35)
Todos la Mitad la mitad Ninguno
7 NINGUN AMIGO TIENE COMPAÑERA. CASUAL
93. Trate de imaginarse que tan cómodo se sentiría en las
siguientes situaciones.
Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al comprar un
preservativo/condón?
Diría que muy cómodo, algo cómodo, algo
incómodo, o muy incómodo?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (36)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
94. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al insistir en
usar un preservativo/condón con una compañera habitual?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (37)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
95. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al insistir en
usar un preservativo/condón con una compañera casual?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (38)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
96. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al ponerse un
preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (39)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
97. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría cuando le ponen
un preservativo/condón?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (40)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
98. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al usar un
preservativo/condón con una compañera habitual?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (41)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
99. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al usar un
preservativo/condón con una compañera casual?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (42)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
100. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al estar
desnudo frente a una compañera sexual?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (43)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
101.Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al tener
relaciones sexuales con la luz prendida?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (44)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
102. Qué tan cómodo se sentiría al tener
relaciones sexuales con una compañera nueva?
1 Muy 2 Algo 3 Algo 4 Muy (45)
cómodo cómodo incómodo incómodo
Ahora, quisiera preguntarle...
103. Tiene hijos?
(46-47)
(00) NO SI Cuántos? ___ ___
104. Le han hecho la circuncisión a usted?
1 SI 0 NO 8 NO SABE 9 RA (48)
SI ES NECESARIO: Tiene esposa o una compañera habitual?
SI>>>[PASE A LA P. 105] NO>>>[PASE A LA P. 111]
105. Está embarazada su esposa o compañera habitual?
1 SI [PASE A LA P.111] (49)
0 NO
7 EL/ELLA NO PUEDE TENER HIJOS [ PASE A LA P. 111]
8 NO SABE
9 RA
106. Está intentando quedar embarazada?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (50)
0 NO
7 EL/ELLA NO PUEDE TENER HIJOS [ PASE A LA P. 111]
9 RA
107. Ha dado a luz durante los últimos tres meses?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (51)
0 NO
7 EL/ELLA NO PUEDE TENER HIJOS [ PASE A LA P. 111]
9 RA
108. Aparte de preservativos/condones, Ha usado usted o su
compañera habitual algún método para evitar tener
hijos en los últimos 12 meses?
SI >>>>>>>>[SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI] Qué clase? (52)
[ANOTE TODAS LAS QUE SE APLIQUEN]
1 PASTILLA/LA PILDORA
0 NO 2 DIU
3 DIAFRAGMA
4 ESPONJA/JALEA/ESPUMA
5 LAVADO
9 RA 6 RETIRARSE
7 ABORTO
8 OTRO __________________
SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, PASE A LA P. 111
109. Hay alguna razón por la cual su compañera
habitual no pueda tener hijos, ya sea por operación o cualquier otra
causa?
1 SI [PASE A LA P. 111] (53)
0 NO
8 NO SABE
9 RA
110. Hay alguna razón por la cual usted no pueda tener hijos,
ya sea por operación o cualquier otra causa?
1 SI (54)
0 NO
8 NO SABE
9 RA
111. Ahora le voy a hacer algunas preguntas acerca de cómo se ha
sentido en los últimos siete días. Desde el [DIA DE LA SEMANA
DE HOY] de la semana pasada, Le molestaron cosas que por lo general
no le molestan?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (55)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
112. Se sintió sin ganas de comer o tuvo mal apetito?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (56)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
113. Sintió que no podía quitarse de encima la tristeza
ni aún con el apoyo de su familia y amigos?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (57)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
114. Se sentió deprimido?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (58)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
115. Sintió que su vida había sido un fracaso?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (59)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
116. Se sintió con miedo?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (60)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
117. Tuvo sueño inquieto?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (61)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
118. Se ha sentido solo?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (62)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
119. Se sintió triste?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (63)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
120. Pasó ratos llorando?
O NO [SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI, DIGA]: (64)
Cuántos días durante la semana pasada?
1 1-2 DIAS 2 3-4 DIAS 3 5-7 DIAS
121. Ahora, me podría decir, Dónde nació?
1 ESTADOS UNIDOS [PASE A LA SIGUIENTE PREGUNTA] (65)
2 PUERTO RICO [PASE A LA P.123]
3 MEXICO [PASE A LA P.123]
4 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA [PASE A LA P.123]
5 COLOMBIA [PASE A LA P.123]
6 CENTRO AMERICA [PASE A LA P.123]
7 SUR AMERICA,( NO COLOMBIA) [PASE A LA P.123]
8 CUBA/ESPAÑA [PASE A LA P.123]
9 OTRO ______________ [PASE A LA SIGUIENTE PREGUNTA]
PARA LOS QUE NACIERON EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS O CUALQUIER OTRO PAIS APUNTADO ARRIBA COMO #9
122. Las familias de la mayoría de las personas que viven en los
Estados Unidos provienen de otros países. De dónde
viene su familia?
[NO LEA LAS ALTERNATIVAS]
[SI RESPONDE DICIENDO MAS DE UN PAIS, PREGUNTE: "De cuál
país proviene la mayoría de su familia o por cuál país siente mas cariño o apego?"]
[MARQUE SOLAMENTE UNO]
2 PUERTO RICO (66)
3 MEXICO
4 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
5 COLOMBIA
6 CENTRO AMERICA
7 SUR AMERICA, (NO COLOMBIA)
8 CUBA
123. Cuánto tiempo ha vivido en los Estados Unidos?
___ ___ AÑOS [MENOS DE UN AÑO = UN AÑO {01}] (67-68)
Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
(01-04)
Card = 4 (05)
124. Por lo general, Qué idioma lee y habla usted?
Diría que sólo español, más español
que inglés, ambos por igual, más ingles que español o
sólo inglés?
(06)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
125. Por lo general, Qué idioma habla en su casa?
(07)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
126. Por lo general, En qué idioma piensa?
(08)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
127. Por lo general, Qué idioma habla con sus amigos?
(09)
1 Sólo 2 Español más 3 Ambos 4 Inglés más 5 Sólo
español que inglés por igual que español inglés
128. Cuántos años de educación formal ha
completado?
(10-11)
___________AÑOS
129. Está usted:
1 casado o viviendo con su compañera? (12)
2 soltero?
3 separado o divorciado? o
4 viudo?
130. Cuál es su religión?________________________
1 CATOLICA (13)
2 CRISTIANA [NO CATOLICA]
3 OTRA: (ESPECIFIQUE... _________)
4 NINGUNA
131. Qué tan importante es la religión en su vida?
Diría que es
1 sumamente importante (14)
2 muy importante
3 importante
4 algo importante
5 nada importante
BLANK (15-16)
133. Diría que vive en un pueblo, una ciudad, en los
alrededores de una ciudad o un área rural?
1 PUEBLO (17)
2 CIUDAD
3 ALREDEDORES
4 RURAL
134. Podría decirme Cual es su código postal o zip
code?
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ (18-22)
9 9 9 9 8 DK
9 9 9 9 9 RA
135. Por favor dígame dentro de qué categoría
caen los ingresos de su familia para el año 1990? [SI VIVE SOLO, "sus
ingresos personales" ]
[LEA LAS ALTERNATIVAS]
1 menos de $10,000 (23)
2 entre $10,001 y $20,000
3 entre $20,001 y $40,000
4 más de $40,000
8 NO SABE
9 RA
136. Como ya le expliqué, su número de teléfono se
escogió al azar o a la suerte. Para no volver a llamar a esta casa,
Me podría decir si hay otro número de teléfono
que pertenece a su casa?
[SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI] Cuál es?__________________
Hay otro más? NUMEROS TELEFONICOS
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
NUMERO DE LINEAS TELEFONICAS ________ (24)
[INCLUYENDO EL QUE SE ESTA LLAMANDO]
137. En el futuro, es posible que hagamos un estudio de las actitudes y
conductas sexuales de los adolescentes Hispanos o Latinos. Será un
estudio bastante diferente a éste y adecuado a los intereses y
sensibilidad de los adolescentes. Para incluir a un adolescente en ese
estudio no sólo se necesitaría el consentimiento de ese o esa
adolescente sino también el permiso de uno de los padres o
guardián
Hay algún adolescente en esta casa que tenga 15, 16, o 17 años de edad?
SI (Cuantos son?) ______ NO 0 [PASE AL FINAL] (25)
Podría darme el nombre del padre, la madre o el
guardián que podría dar el permiso para entrevistar al/a los
adolescente(s), si le volviéramos a llamar?
_________________________________
138. Podría darme el/los nombre(s) del/de los adolescente(s)?
_____________________________________________________
_____ MUJERES (26)
Hemos terminado. Tal vez reciba una llamada de mi supervisor para verificar
mi trabajo. Muchísimas gracias por su ayuda. Si desea recibir
más información sobre el SIDA o su prevención puede
llamar, gratis y sin dar su nombre al 1-800-344-7432 .
Quiere que le repita el número?
De nuevo, ¡muchísimas gracias!
__________________________________________________________
139. TIME AT THE END OF INTERVIEW:________________________
CUANTO TIEMPO TARDO LA ENTREVISTA [EN MINUTOS] ___ ___ (27-28)
140. LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW: 1 SPANISH (29)
141. LANGUAGE CHOICE:
1 RESPONDENT 0 RANDOMLY BY INTERVIEWER (30)
142. INTERVIEWER'S NAME:_________________________ [ ___ ___ ___ ] (31-33)
DATE OF INTERVIEW:_____________________________
INTERVIEW TERMINATED BEFORE COMPLETION:
1 SI 0 NO (34)
[SI LA RESPUESTA ES SI]: __ __ __ ITEM NUMBER (35-37)
IS RESPONDENT A MEMBER OF HOUSEHOLD? (38)
1 YES 0 NOCondom Use Among Hispanic Men
Marin, Barbara VanOss; Gomez, Cynthia A.; Tschann, Jeanne M. Public Health Reports v108, n6 (Nov-Dec, 1993):742-750
COPYRIGHT U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1993 Effective and culturally appropriate strategies for promoting condom use within the Hispanic community in the United States are needed urgently because of Hispanics' high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Hispanics are overrepresented disproportionately in statistics on STD and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection is currently the sixth leading cause of death among Hispanic adults, although it is not among the first 10 causes of death among non-Hispanic whites. The already high levels of HIV infection in the Hispanic community mean that rates will increase unless successful preventive measures, such as the promotion of condom use, are employed more effectively. HIV risk behavior is difficult to change. In one study, despite individual counseling of patients following HIV testing, 23 percent of those STD seronegative and 15 percent of those STD seropositive had a new exposure to STD in less than 12 months following counseling. To create effective and culturally appropriate promotion campaigns for condom use by Hispanics at risk, the beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are associated with consistent condom use for the community need to be better identified and understood. Most of the information about condom use among Hispanics has come from studies of married women. Those studies focused on simple demographic predictors of condom use behavior, rather than identification of complex psychological mechanisms that could improve the understanding and effectiveness of condom promotion efforts. Studies of condom use rarely distinguish between use with a primary sexual partner and use with a secondary sexual partner, despite the many differences in those relationships that could affect the likelihood or ability to use condoms. We designed a study of condom use by Hispanics with a sample of sufficient size and representation to assess predictors of the frequency of condom use by men with their secondary female sexual partners and to assess differences among specific Hispanic subgroups, as for example, Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans.
Sampling. The 1991 telephone survey employed a modified Mitofsky- Waksberg sampling technique to identify Hispanic household in nine States that had concentrations of Hispanics ranging from 5 percent to 38 percent in the Northeast (NY, NJ, MA, and CT) and Southwest (CA, AZ, CO, NM, and TX). Hispanics in those States comprise 77 percent of all Hispanics in the country. In the first stage of sampling, 143,984 telephone number hundred- series groups were randomly generated from working telephone area codes and prefixes for the 9 States. A hundred-series group consists of an area code, plus a 3-digit prefix, plus the next 2 digits, plus all 100 possible combinations of numbers for the last 2 digits. Computer matching of Spanish surnames with telephone directory information identified 27,574 hundred-series groups (19 percent) that contained at least 1 Spanish- surnamed household. We did not sample hundred-series groups with no listed Spanish surnames, because we assume that the number of Hispanic households would be extremely low. Subsequently, 12,078 telephone numbers were randomly generated from those 27574 hundred-series groups by a stratification procedure that oversampled the hundred series with the most Spanish surnames to increase the probability of reaching Hispanic households. Because the Northeast has a smaller Hispanic population that the Southwest, higher sampling fractions also were assigned to the Northeast to allow for reliable extrapolation of results to all Hispanics in that area. Calls to the 12078 numbers produced 372 Hispanic households, although not all households include an eligible respondent. In the second stage of sampling, the hundred-series groups in which those 372 Hispanic households appeared were treated as Primary Sampling Units, and additional telephone numbers from these groups were computer generated. Hundred-series groups were noted in which at least 1 additional Hispanic household was identified in the first 20 numbers called. Those hundred-series groups were called at a higher rate to increase the probability of finding eligible Hispanics. We made at least six attempts during various days and hours to reach unanswered telephone numbers. Procedures. The screening procedure involved identifying the ethnicity, sex, and age of household members. Potential respondents were asked "Do you, or any of the members of your household, consider yourselves to be Latinos or Hispanics?" An eligible Hispanic respondent in the household was selected randomly, using the Kish method. Interviews were bilingual men and women. Prior experience of the telephone survey research organization that conducted the interviews had indicated that Hispanic women have difficulty answering questions on sexuality if interviewed by a man. Accordingly, the survey procedures called for only women to interview women respondents. Interviewers were experienced and received specific training on how to ask the question used in this project. Respondents were interviewed in the language of their choice. Interviews were conducted between March and July of 1991.
| Table 1. Characteristics of 361 Hispanic men, 18--49 years old, in 9 States, reporting secondary female sexual partners in the prior 12 months, in response to a telephone survey, 1991 | |
| Characteristics | Percent |
| Age (in years): | |
| 18-25 | 47.8 |
| 26-32 | 23.9 |
| 33-40 | 17.5 |
| 41-49 | 10.8 |
| Marital status: | |
| Married | 31.0 |
| Not married | 69.0 |
| Education: | |
| Less than high school | 30.5 |
| High school graduate | 27.4 |
| Some College | 28.8 |
| College graduate | 13.3 |
| Income: | |
| Less than $10,000 | 21.9 |
| $10,001 to $20,000 | 32.7 |
| $20,001 to $40,000 | 26.6 |
| More than $40,000 | 14.4 |
| Refused to answer | 4.4 |
| Acculturation: | |
| Low | 34.6 |
| Medium | 35.7 |
| High | 29.6 |
| Origin: | |
| Mexican | 37.4 |
| Puerto Rican | 23.5 |
| Dominican | 15.8 |
| 41 | 23.3 |
Instrument. The survey instrument was based on more than 100 open- ended interview and 2 focus groups with Hispanics in San Francisco, held to identify Hispanic men's perceptions of the consequences of condom use with primary and secondary sexual partners, difficulties with condom use, and normative aspects of condom use. The instrument was developed originally in Spanish and a back-translation procedure was used to assure that the English version was equivalent in meaning. Both the Spanish and English versions were pretested with at least 20 persons. The final version of the interview required an average of 24 minutes to complete. Most interview questions had four or five-level Likert-type response scales. The reported reliabilities were for the sample of 361 Hispanic men, reporting 1 or more secondary female sexual partners, who responded to the question on condom use with a secondary partner or partners. Frequency of using and carrying condoms. The extent of condom use with a secondary sexual partner was assessed by the question, "When you had sex with someone other than your wife or primary partner in the last 12 months, how often did you use condoms?" The extent of carrying condoms was assessed by the question, "How often do you carry a condom with you?" Each item was recorded using a five-point response scale from "always" to "never." Self-efficacy to use condoms. Four questions were developed to assess perceived ability to use condoms:
- "Would you be able to refuse sex if you partner didn't want you to use a condom?"
- "Would you use condoms even if you had to stop to buy them or look for them?"
- "Would you use condoms even if you had been drinking or using drugs?" and,
- "Would you be able to use a condom with a secondary partner?"
The self-efficacy score was the mean of the four items on a four- point yes-no response scale with higher scores meaning higher efficacy (alpha = 0.55). Those with greater self-efficacy to use condoms were expected to use them more consistently with secondary partners that did those who scored lower. Negative beliefs about condoms. Sixteen items measured beliefs about the consequences of using condoms. Beliefs included "the condom might break," "the condom might come off inside your partner," and "you would feel less sexual pleasure." Responses were "yes" "probably yes," "probably no," and "no" (alpha = 0.70). Depression scale. Ten of the 20 items of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were selected for the questionnaire, based on their factor loading for Hispanics (alpha = 0.88). The items measure sadness in the 7 days prior to the interview and have been shown to assess depression in community samples. We expected those men who reported the most depressive symptoms to report more risky behaviors than those who reported the least depressive symptoms. The scale score was a continuous variable ranging from 0 to 30, with high scores meaning more depressive symptoms. Sexual comfort. Three items were used to assess sexual comfort: being naked in front of a partner, having sex with the lights on, and having sex with a new partner. The sexual comfort score was the mean of the three items on a four-point scale ranging from "very comfortable" to "very uncomfortable" (alpha = 0.62). Persons with high levels of sexual comfort have been shown to exhibit sexual behavior that is more self-protective than persons with low levels of sexual comfort. Number of friends using or carrying condoms. Two items assessed the proportion of the respondent's close friends who carried condoms and used them with secondary partners, a measure of perceived normative condom use behavior among peers. Responses ranged on a five-point scale from "almost all" to "almost none." Myths about HIV transmission. A measure of beliefs about the casual transmission of HIV was computed by adding responses to three items, such as the likelihood of getting HIV from using public toilets. Total scores could range from 3 to 12, with higher scores representing less accurate beliefs. Demographics. Age, education, marital status, and ethnic origin were determined for each respondent. Acculturation. Acculturation, the process by which a person learns a new culture, was assessed using four language-related items. That scale has been previously shown to have good reliability and validity. Mean scores ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more use of English, hence higher levels of acculturation (alpha = 0.90). Other variables. Positive attitude toward condom use with a secondary partner was measured with a six-level Likert-type scale ranging from "dislike a lot" to "like a lot." Knowing someone with HIV infection or AIDS and previous use of condoms to prevent disease were assessed through single items with "yes" or "no" responses.
Ordinary least squares regression with all variables entered simultaneously was used to identify predictors of frequency of condom use with secondary female sexual partners. The analysis was conducted for the 361 Hispanic men who reported more than 1 female sexual partners in the previous 12 months. Additional regressions were conducted to identify predictors of selected variables that were significantly related to frequency of condom use in the initial analysis. The results are reported as betas, a standardized regression coefficient reflecting the association between the predictor and the outcome, taking into account all other variables in the equation. Thus, effects of all psychosocial variables are adjusted for the demographic variables of ethnicity (Puerto Rican, Dominican, Mexican, or other Hispanic), age, marital status, education, income, and acculturation. All analyses were unweighted, because analysis indicated that sampling probability weights were uncorrelated (P > 0.20) to any of the outcome variables. Predictor variables showed low correlation between them, with the highest correlation of 0.32 between acculturation and education. Acculturation had a small correlation with several demographic variables, but most psychological predictor variables were uncorrelated.
Response rate. A response rate in survey sampling may be defined as the ration of the number of questionnaires completed for eligible elements to the number of eligible elements in the sample. The response rate was calculated by multiplying the proportion of households screened for eligibility by the proportion of eligible respondents who completed the interview. As in all telephone samples, certain telephone numbers (for example, those of businesses, facsimile machines, and nonhouseholds) were not eligible for enumeration. After those were eliminated, the age and sex of the adults in the household were determined for 67.1 percent of eligible telephone numbers (households or undetermined status). Also 86.4 percent of those contacted, and who met the survey criteria, provided complete interview. Multiplying those two proportions, a response rate of 58.0 percent for the entire sample was obtained. That rate compares well with other telephone surveys, since only six call-back attempts could be made because of budget constraints. Only 4.2 percent of eligible Hispanics refused to be interviewed. Another 4.7 percent broke off interviews before completion. The remaining 4.7 percent of eligible Hispanics who did not provide completed interviews were persons who could not be contacted after the initial contact.
| Table 2. Predictors(1) of frequency of condom use with secondary sexual partners by 361 Hispanic men, 18-49 years old, in response to a telephone survey, 1991 | |
| Predictor variables | Beta(2) |
| Carrying condoms | (3)0.32 |
| Self-efficacy to use condoms | (3)0.22 |
| Friends use condoms | (4)0.14 |
| Positive attitude towards condom use | (5)0.12 |
| Depressive symptoms | (5)0.10 |
| Knowing someone with HIV or AIDS | (5)0.10 |
| (1) Variables entered in the analysis, but not significantly associated with frequency of condom use with a secondary sexual partner, included age, marital status, acculturation, ethnic subgroup, education, income, myths about HIV transmission, sexual comfort, substance use prior to sexual activity, and negative beliefs about condoms. (2) Beta is a standardized regression coefficient reflecting the association between the predictor and outcome, taking into account all other variables in the equation. High betas, regardless of sign, indicate stronger prediction than low betas. (3) P < 0.001. (4) P < 0.01. (5) P < 0.05. NOTE: [R sup. 2] = 0.35, P < 0.001. | |
Sample. There were 361 Hispanic men ages 18--49 years who reported having a secondary female sexual partner in the 12 months prior to the interview, including 5 men who also reported 1 for more male sexual partners. Those 361 men were 37 percent of all Hispanic men interviewed. Demographic characteristics of the 361 men are shown in table 1. More than two-thirds were unmarried, almost half were younger than 25 years, more than two-thirds had a high school diploma or better, more than half had incomes of $20,000 or less, and the men were evenly distributed by acculturation categories. Because of purposeful oversampling in the Northeast, almost 40 percent of the sample were either Puerto Rican or Dominican, with an equal percentage of Mexican origin, compared with the 1990 census, in which more than 60 percent of Hispanics were of Mexican origin. Hispanic men with a secondary female sexual partner were more likely than those with a single partner to be unmarried, ages 18--24 years, less acculturated, and living in the northeastern United States (data not shown). In the unweighted analyses, 60.1 percent of the 361 men reported "always" using condoms with secondary partners in the 12 months before the interview. Analysis weighted by sampling probability adjusted the prevalence of consistent condom use downward to 49.0 percent. The results of the least squares regression analysis are shown in table 2. Six variables were identified as the best combination of predictors of frequency of condom use with a secondary partner among the 361 Hispanic men reporting a secondary female sexual partner. Those variables were greater frequency of carrying condoms, higher self-efficacy to use condoms, positive attitude toward condom use with a secondary partner, having friends who used condoms with a secondary partner, personally knowing a person with AIDS or HIV, and fewer depressive symptoms. The multiple R for that equation was 0.588, which means those predictors account for a substantial proportion (35 percent) of the variance in frequency of condom use with secondary partners. Table 3 presents the results of separate regression analyses of three significant predictors of secondary condom use: carrying condoms, attitude toward condom use with a secondary partner, and self-efficacy to use condoms. We were able to explore those variables in more detail because we had additional predictors for each. Frequency of carrying condoms was predicted by the variables of having a positive attitude toward carrying condoms, having used condoms to prevent disease, being unmarried, having friends who carried condoms, knowing a person with AIDS or HIV, having greater sexual comfort, and having lower levels of acculturation. Together they account for 34 percent of the variance of that measure.
| Table 3. Predictors of condom carrying, positive attitude about use, and self-efficacy to use, among 361 Hispanic men 18-49 years old, with secondary sexual partners, in response to a telephone survey, 1991 | ||
| Variable | Beta | |
| Carrying condoms:(1) | ||
| Positive attitude about condom carrying | (2)0.31 | |
| Previously used condoms to prevent disease | (2)0.20 | |
| Not married | (3)0.14 | |
| Friends carry condoms | (3)0.13 | |
| Knowing someone with HIV or AIDS | (4)0.11 | |
| Sexual comfort | (4)0.11 | |
| Acculturation | (4)-0.11 | |
| [R.sup.2] = 0.34, P < 0.001 | ||
| Positive attitude about condom use:(5) | ||
| Acculturation | (2)-0.21 | |
| Sexual comfort | (3)0.17 | |
| Depressive symptoms | (3)-0.13 | |
| Negative beliefs about condoms | (4)-0.13 | |
| Ever used condoms | (4)0.12 | |
| [R.sup.2 = 0.14, P < 0.001 | ||
| Self-efficacy to use condoms:(6) | ||
| Ever used condoms | (2)0.28 | |
| Sexual comfort | (2)0.28 | |
| Negative beliefs about condoms | (4)-0.11 | |
| [R.sup.2] = 0.28, P < 0.001 | ||
| (1) Variables that were not significantly predictive of carrying condoms included age, ethnic subgroup, education, income, ever having used condoms, believing it is possible to know beforehand if you are going to have sex, belief that a casual partner would respect you more if you had condoms with you, myths about HIV transmission, depression, and belief that you were going to have sex in the next 30 days. (2) P < 0.001, (3) P < 0.01, (4) P < 0.05. (5) Variables that were unrelated to positive attitude toward condom use included age, marital status, ethnic subgroup, education, income, HIV transmission knowledge, and knowing someone with AIDS or HIV. (6) Variables that were unrelated to self-efficacy to use condoms include age, marital status, acculturation, ethnic subgroup, education, income, depression, substance use before sex, HIV myths, knowing a person with AIDS, and knowing how to use condoms. NOTE: HIV = human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | ||
A more positive attitude toward condom use with a secondary partner was significantly predicted by lower acculturation, more sexual comfort, fewer depressive symptoms, less negative beliefs about the consequences of condom use with a secondary partner, and having ever used condoms. Together they explain 14 percent of the variance of that variable. High levels of sexual comfort, having ever used condoms, and fewer negative beliefs about the consequences of condom use with a secondary partner were significantly related to self-efficacy to use condoms with a secondary partner, explaining 28 percent of the variance of that variable.
Key psychosocial predictors explained a substantial portion (35 percent) of the frequency of condom use with secondary sexual partners in the 12 months prior to the interview. More frequent condom use with secondary partners for these Hispanic men was associated with more frequently carrying condoms, greater self-efficacy to use condoms, having friends who also used condoms with secondary partners, a positive attitude toward condom use with a secondary partner, a lack of depressive symptoms, and personally knowing someone who had HIV and AIDS. The data suggest that behavioral factors, the social environment, culture, and psychological symptoms may play an important role in whether Hispanic men consistently use condoms with secondary sexual partners. Given the large proportion (almost 40 percent) of Hispanic men who reported multiple female partners in the previous year and the high prevalence of STD and HIV infection in the Hispanic community, those factors deserve careful consideration. Behavioral factors. Two behavioral factors emerged as particularly important in the study: carrying condoms and self-efficacy to use condoms. In the sample, carrying condoms appears to be an indicators of preparedness for safe sex with a secondary partner and also of greater experience with condoms. Health care providers who wish to increase Hispanic men's use of condoms with secondary sexual partners should focus specifically on increasing the behavior of carrying condoms. Self-efficacy to use condoms strongly predicted actual use with a secondary partner, and was in turn strongly predicted by prior use of condoms. That was not surprising, since feelings of self-efficacy generally are produced by practice. Health care providers in STD or family planning clinics, who see Hispanic male patients should teach techniques of proper condom use, such as avoiding the use of oil-based lubricants and leaving a reservoir for semen at the tip. Hispanic men should be encouraged to handle condoms and to practice putting on one before attempting to do so during a sexual encounter. Men should be asked to consider how to overcome related difficulties, such as having to stop to buy condoms or to look for them, using them even if they had been drinking or using drugs, and learning how to insist on condom use with a partner who does not want them to use one. These barriers to condom use with a secondary partner, which were the basis of the self-efficacy measure in the study, should be specifically discussed. Video presentations or self-instructional approaches should be developed that incorporate modeling of appropriate condom behaviors. When feasible, role playing and instructive feedback may be used to prepare men. The relationship between risky sexual behavior and the use of alcohol has been debated since it was first described. We found no relationship between the frequency of condom use and the use of drugs of alcohol before sex. However, self-efficacy to use condoms (which did predict greater condom use) included the perception that one could use condoms even after drinking or using drugs. Thus, actual frequency of alcohol or drug use before sex may be less important factors to assess for intervention than a person's perceived self-efficacy to use condoms, even under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Social environment. The social environment affects condom use. Three factors appear particularly important: marital status, personal knowledge of someone with HIV or AIDS, and having friends who use condoms with secondary partners. A substantial minority (18 percent) of the married Hispanic men in the sample had multiple female sexual partners in the prior year. Unmarried men, with no marital partner who might question condom carrying, were more likely to carry condoms than were married men. Other research has found the same association between condom carrying and marital status among Hispanic men. Personally knowing someone with HIV or AIDS was a predictor of more condom carrying and more use of condoms with a secondary partner. That suggests that health care providers should assess and emphasize a Hispanic man's personal vulnerability to HIV from sexual risk behaviors and previous STD. The results confirm the wisdom of many community programs that utilize persons with HIV to reach and motivate the community. Having friends who carry condoms and use them with secondary partners were circumstances predictive of both carrying and using condoms. That was not surprising, given the importance of normative influences on sexual behavior. The findings suggest the importance of mass media and community level approaches to condom promotion, as well as approaches to promote normative changes within subgroups. Increased availability of condoms in vending machines can reduce embarrassment associated with buying condoms and increase the perception that "everybody" uses condoms. Culture. Hispanic culture may contribute to high-risk sexual activity. One way is the common idea that sexuality is embarrassing and not to be discussed either with one's children or with one's sexual partner. In this study, comfort with sexuality was an important predictor of self-efficacy to use condoms, accounting for a substantial amount of the variance, as well as predicting greater frequency of condom carrying and a positive attitude toward condoms. Other research has found among Hispanic men an association between carrying condoms and sexual discomfort, measured as embarrassment in buying condoms. We measured sexual comfort as comfort with commonplace aspects of sexuality, such as being naked in front of a partner or having sex with lights on. Fisher and coworkers have shown that comfort with sexuality is associated with various sexual self-care behaviors, such as breast self-examination and engaging in behaviors to prevent STD. As hypothesized by Fisher, some persons who feel discomfort with sexuality may avoid sex entirely, but those who are uncomfortable yet have multiple partners will be less likely to plan for sex, including condom buying and using. Those who are comfortable may be more likely to engage in nonpenetrative and generally safer forms of sex. The issue of comfort with sexuality needs to be addressed in a culturally appropriate manner by health care providers. Initially, comfort with condom use should be the focus, emphasizing carrying condoms, practicing their use, and practical skills needed for their use. The patient's basic information, such as knowing the names for body parts and sexual acts, should not be assumed. A Hispanic man in one focus group wondered if oral sex ("sexo oral") meant "sex by the hour"; another thought a woman's vaginal lubrication meant she had "ejaculated;" and several believed masturbation causes physical harm. Further work on the components and amelioration of sexual discomfort clearly is needed among Hispanics. If anthropological research is correct in suggesting a dichotomy in many Hispanics' minds between "good" women (a wife or mother) and "bad" women (a prostitute or easy conquest), changing the concept that only "bad" women enjoy sex could lead to more enjoyable sex with one's primary partner. Work is needed on the relationships between the beliefs many Hispanic men hold about what it means to be a man (low perceptions of sexual control, associating positive values with sexual behavior risk- taking, and needs for multiple sexual partners) and the sexual behaviors that many Hispanic men demonstrate. Psychological symptoms. Depressive symptoms in the week before the interview were associated with low rates of use of condoms with secondary partners in the previous year and negative attitudes toward condom use with a secondary partner. While those findings might appear to be surprising, people who are depressed are less likely, for example, to be able to quit smoking and are more likely to relapse from methadone maintenance. Depressed persons may perceive themselves as having less to live for, thus evaluating risk behavior as unimportant, or they may be preoccupied with significant life problems that appear more important than an unprotected sexual encounter. For Hispanics, and possibly for other ethnic groups as well, health care providers and staff members of STD clinics may want to assess depressive symptoms to identify those patients who are more likely to have repeated STD exposures. Care providers can then design more comprehensive clinical interventions for them, focusing on depression prevention. Demographic variables. We found no differences in predictors of condom use with secondary partners between Hispanic men in the Northeast and Southwest United States or between ethnic subgroups, education, income, or age groups, despite having sufficient power to detect such differences. Thus, recommendations made in this report are not limited to a particular subgroup of Hispanic men. Less acculturated men were more likely than the more highly acculturated to carry condoms and to report a positive attitude toward condom use, although they were no more likely than more acculturated men to actually use them. Those positive attitudes and behaviors suggest that less acculturated Hispanic men are quite open to condom use with secondary partners. Certainly, in Latin America, condoms are seen as useful primarily outside primary relationships. The data have the usual limitations of sexual behavior research, being self-reports that could not practically or ethically be validated. They are also cross-sectional in nature, with current measures of psychosocial variables being used to predict reports of past behavior. Thus, while the study provides useful information about the associations between variables, conclusions should not be drawn about causation or prediction. The generalizability of the sample is limited by the lack of telephones in some Hispanic households, although the absence of effects for income on relationships found in the research suggests that the limitation may be minimal. Some potential respondents were lost because of our inability to make more than six followup calls to a telephone number because of cost factors. We were told by the interviews that some respondents broke off the interview, or refused to participate, because of their fundamentalist religious beliefs.
Programs and providers promoting condom use with secondary partners should attend to behavioral factors, the social environment, cultural issues, and psychological symptoms. Specifically, they should recommend that Hispanic men carry condoms; should teach specific skills, such as how to use condoms even under difficult conditions; should lower sexual discomfort by providing basic information about sex in a sex-positive climate; and should pay particular attention to those men who may be emotionally troubled. Emphasizing personal vulnerability to HIV, especially for men with STD, and pointing out that "most men" use condoms with secondary partners is useful.
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JAMA 267: 843-845, Feb. 12, 1992. [8] Mosher, W. D. and Bachrach, C. A.: Contraceptive use, United States, 1992. Vital Health Stat [23] No. 12. DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 86-1988. National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, 1986. [9] Forrest, J., and Singh, S.: The sexual and reproductive behavior of American women, 1982-1988. Fam Plann Perspect 22: 206-214 (1990). [10] Waksberg, J.: Sampling methods for random digit dialing. J Am Stat Assoc 73: 40-46 (1978). [11] Kish, L.: Survey sampling. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1965. [12] Marin G., and Marin, B.: Research with Hispanic populations. Sage Press, Newbury Park, CA, 1991. [13] Bandura, A.: Self- efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 84: 191-215 (1977). [14] Bandura, A.: Social foundations of though and action: a social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986. [15]Radloff, L. S.: The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Measurement 1: 385-401 (1977). [16] Guarnaccia, P. J., Angel, R., and Worobey, J. L.: The factor structure of the CES-D in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: The influences of ethnicity, gender and language. Soc Sci Med 29: 85-94 (1989). [17] Myers, J. K., and Weissman, M. M.: Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. Am J Psychol 137: 1081-1084 (1980). [18] Weissman, M. M., et al.: Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study. Am J Epidemiol 106- 203-214 (1977). [19] Fisher, W., Byrne, D., White, L., and Kelley, K.: Erotophobia-erotophilia as a dimension of personality. J Sex Res 26: 123-151 (1988). [20] Marin, G., et al.: Development of a short acculturation scale for Hispanics. Hispanic J. Behav Sci 9: 183-205 (1987). [21] Kalton, G.: Introduction to survey sampling. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, 1983 [22] Bandura, A.: Perceived self- efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Evaluation Prog Plann 13: 9-17 (1990). [23] Bolton, R., Vincke, J., Mark, R., and Dennehy, E.: Alcohol and risky sex: in search of an elusive connection. Med Anthropol 14: 323-363 (1992). [24] Stall, R., et al.: Alcohol and drug use during sexual activity and compliance with safe sex guidelines for AIDS: the AIDS Behavioral Research Project. Health Ed Q 13: 359-371 (1986). [25] Marin, B. V., Gomez, C. A., and Hearst, N.: Multiple heterosexual partners and condom use among Hispanics and Non-Hispanic whites. Fam Plan Perspect 25: 170-174 (1993). [26] Marin, B. V., and Marin, G.: Predictors of condom accessibility among Hispanics in San Francisco. Am J Public Health 82: 592-595 (1992). [27] Joseph, J. G., et al.: Magnitude and determinants of behavioral risk reduction: longitudinal analysis of a cohort at risk for AIDS. Psychol Health 1: 73-96 (1987). [28] Kelly, J., et al.: HIV risk behavioral reduction following intervention with key opinion leaders of population: an experimental analysis. Am J Public Health 81: 168-171 (1991). [29] Pavich, E. G.: A Chicano perspective on Mexican culture and sexuality. J. Social Work Human Sexuality 4: 47-65 (1986). [30] Burgos, N. M., and Diaz Perez, Y. I.: An exploration of human sexuality and the Puerto Rican culture. J. Social Work Human Sexuality 4: 135-150 (1986). [31] Diaz, R. M.: Latino gay men and the psychocultural barriers to AIDS prevention. In A plague of our own: the impact of the AIDS epidemic on the lesbian and gay communities, edited by M. Levine, J. Gagnon, and P. Nardi. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. In press, 1993. [32] Anda, R. F., et al.: Depression and the dynamics of smoking: a national perspective. JAMA 264: 1541-1545, Sept. 26, 1990. [33] Batki, S., Sorensen, J., Gibson, D., and Maude-Griffen, P.: HIV-infected drug users in methadone treatment: outcome and psychological correlates--a preliminary report. In Problems of drug dependence 1989: proceedings of the 51st annual scientific meeting of the Committee on the Problems of Drug Dependence, edited by L. Harris. NIDA Research Monograph Series No. 95. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1988, pp. 405-406. [34] Batki, S., Sorensen, J., Faltz, G., and Madover, S.: Psychiatric aspects of treatment of IV drug abusers with AIDS. Hosp Community Psychiatry 39: 439-411 (1989). [35] Lewinshon, P. M., Munoz, R. F., Youngren, M. A., and Zeiss, A. M.: Control your depression (revised edition). Prentice Hall, New York, NY. 1986. [36] Bailey, J., Lopez- Escobar, G., and Estrada, A.: A Colombian view of the condom. Stud Fam Plann 4: 60-64 (1973). The authors are associated with the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. Dr. Marin and Dr. Gomez are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and with the Center of AIDS Prevention Studies. Dr. Marin is an Associate Adjunct Professor and Dr. Gomez is an Associate Specialist. Dr. Tschann is Assistant Adjunct Professor with the Graduate Program in Health Psychology, Department of Psychiatry. Rolando Juarez, of the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, provided date analysis services; Dr. Thomas Piazza, of the Survey Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, suggested the sampling approach. The telephone survey was carried out by Communication Technologies, Inc., San Francisco, whose interviews collected the data.
Hispanic Condom Use Study: Description and Explanation of Questionnaire
Instrument
The survey instrument was based on more than 100 open- ended interview and 2 focus groups with Hispanics in San Francisco, held to identify Hispanic men's perceptions of the consequences of condom use with primary and secondary sexual partners, difficulties with condom use, and normative aspects of condom use. The instrument was developed originally in Spanish and a back-translation procedure was used to assure that the English version was equivalent in meaning. Both the Spanish and English versions were pretested with at least 20 persons. The final version of the interview required an average of 24 minutes to complete. Most interview questions had four or five-level Likert-type response scales. The reported reliabilities were for the sample of 361 Hispanic men, reporting 1 or more secondary female sexual partners, who responded to the question on condom use with a secondary partner or partners. Frequency of using and carrying condoms. The extent of condom use with a secondary sexual partner was assessed by the question, "When you had sex with someone other than your wife or primary partner in the last 12 months, how often did you use condoms?" The extent of carrying condoms was assessed by the question, "How often do you carry a condom with you?" Each item was recorded using a five-point response scale from "always" to "never." Self-efficacy to use condoms. Four questions were developed to assess perceived ability to use condoms:
- "Would you be able to refuse sex if you partner didn't want you to use a condom?"
- "Would you use condoms even if you had to stop to buy them or look for them?"
- "Would you use condoms even if you had been drinking or using drugs?" and,
- "Would you be able to use a condom with a secondary partner?"
The self-efficacy score was the mean of the four items on a four- point yes-no response scale with higher scores meaning higher efficacy (alpha = 0.55). Those with greater self-efficacy to use condoms were expected to use them more consistently with secondary partners that did those who scored lower. Negative beliefs about condoms. Sixteen items measured beliefs about the consequences of using condoms. Beliefs included "the condom might break," "the condom might come off inside your partner," and "you would feel less sexual pleasure." Responses were "yes" "probably yes," "probably no," and "no" (alpha = 0.70). Depression scale. Ten of the 20 items of the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were selected for the questionnaire, based on their factor loading for Hispanics (alpha = 0.88). The items measure sadness in the 7 days prior to the interview and have been shown to assess depression in community samples. We expected those men who reported the most depressive symptoms to report more risky behaviors than those who reported the least depressive symptoms. The scale score was a continuous variable ranging from 0 to 30, with high scores meaning more depressive symptoms. Sexual comfort. Three items were used to assess sexual comfort: being naked in front of a partner, having sex with the lights on, and having sex with a new partner. The sexual comfort score was the mean of the three items on a four-point scale ranging from "very comfortable" to "very uncomfortable" (alpha = 0.62). Persons with high levels of sexual comfort have been shown to exhibit sexual behavior that is more self-protective than persons with low levels of sexual comfort. Number of friends using or carrying condoms. Two items assessed the proportion of the respondent's close friends who carried condoms and used them with secondary partners, a measure of perceived normative condom use behavior among peers. Responses ranged on a five-point scale from "almost all" to "almost none." Myths about HIV transmission. A measure of beliefs about the casual transmission of HIV was computed by adding responses to three items, such as the likelihood of getting HIV from using public toilets. Total scores could range from 3 to 12, with higher scores representing less accurate beliefs. Demographics. Age, education, marital status, and ethnic origin were determined for each respondent. Acculturation. Acculturation, the process by which a person learns a new culture, was assessed using four language-related items. That scale has been previously shown to have good reliability and validity. Mean scores ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more use of English, hence higher levels of acculturation (alpha = 0.90). Other variables. Positive attitude toward condom use with a secondary partner was measured with a six-level Likert-type scale ranging from "dislike a lot" to "like a lot." Knowing someone with HIV infection or AIDS and previous use of condoms to prevent disease were assessed through single items with "yes" or "no" responses.
This text is excerpted from the article "Condom use among Hispanic men with secondary female sexual partners." Marin, Barbara VanOss; Gomez, Cynthia A.; Tschann, Jeanne M.; Public Health Reports v108, n6 (Nov-Dec, 1993):742-750. COPYRIGHT U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1993