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A más de 20 años del inicio de la epidemia y a pesar de los avances en conocimiento, tratamiento, y aceptación del VIH, la experiencia de recibir un diagnóstico VIH+ aún puede resultar traumática. La gente VIH+ debe asimilar la realidad de su propia infección al tiempo de preocuparse por la posible infección de parejas pasadas y futuras. Es difícil hablar con la pareja sobre el VIH, pues aunque puede controlarse, aún no tiene cura. La ayuda con la notificación de parejas (conocida como servicios de asesoramiento y referencia para parejas o PCRS en inglés) es una serie de servicios voluntarios y confidenciales para personas VIH+ y para sus parejas sexuales y/o de inyección de drogas. Estos servicios son costo-efectivos y tienen un papel crítico tanto identificando individuos a mayor riesgo de infección como remitiendo oportunamente a servicios médicos a quienes estén infectados. La mayoría de las personas VIH+ deciden por su cuenta si revelan o no su condición a sus parejas, pero muchas veces necesitan apoyo para hablar directamente con éstas o para que cuidadosa y confidencialmente lo haga un profesional. En un estudio, las personas que recibieron ayuda con la notificación triplicaron la probabilidad de informar a sus parejas sobre el riesgo contraído. En años recientes, los programas de consejería y pruebas del VIH en los EE.UU. han cambiado de aplicar la prueba a todo mundo, a identificar y ofrecer pruebas a los más vulnerables a infectarse. En los sitios generales de pruebas del VIH cerca de un 1% resulta VIH+, comparado con el 8 al 39% que resulta de los programas de notificación de parejas.

Sex and HIV education programs have multiple goals: to decrease unintended pregnancy, to decrease STDs including HIV and to improve sexual health among youth. In 2005, almost two-thirds (63%) of all high school seniors in the US had engaged in sex, yet only 21% of all female students used birth control pills before their last sex and only 70% of males used a condom during their last sexual intercourse. In 2000, 8.4% of 15-19 year old girls became pregnant, producing one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the western industrial world. Persons aged 15-24 had 9.1 million new cases of STDs in 2000 and made up almost half of all new STD cases in the US. There are numerous factors affecting adolescent sexual behavior and use of protection. Some of these factors have little to do with sex, such as growing up in disadvantaged communities, having little attachment to parents or failing at school. Other factors are sexual in nature, such as beliefs, values, perceptions of peer norms, attitudes and skills involving sexual behavior and using condoms or contraception. It is these sexual factors that sex/HIV education programs can potentially affect, thereby impacting behavior. Sex/HIV education programs alone cannot totally reduce sexual risk-taking, but they can be an effective part of a more comprehensive initiative.

More than a million people in the US inject drugs frequently, at a cost to society in health care, lost productivity, accidents, and crime of more than $50 billion a year. People who inject drugs imperil their own health. If they contract HIV or hepatitis, their needle-sharing partners, sexual partners and offspring may become infected. It is estimated that half of all new HIV infections in the US are occurring among injection drug users (IDUs). For women, 61% of all AIDS cases are due to injection drug use or sex with partners who inject drugs. Injection drug use is the source of infection for more than half of all children born with HIV. Injection drug use is also the most common risk factor in persons with hepatitis C infection. Up to 90% of IDUs are estimated to be infected with hepatitis C, which is easily transmitted and can cause chronic liver disease. Hepatitis B is also transmitted via injection drug use. Needle exchange programs (NEPs) distribute clean needles and safely dispose of used ones for IDUs, and also generally offer a variety of related services, including referrals to drug treatment and HIV counseling and testing.