Glenn-Milo Santos, PhD, MPH

Affiliated Faculty

I am Professor in the Department of Community Health Systems and the Division of Prevention Science at the University of California, San Francisco, and a Senior Research Scientist at the San Francisco Department of Public Health. I have been conducting research on the intersection between substance use (i.e., alcohol, methamphetamine, cocaine, and opioids), and HIV, and intervention research studies among key populations at risk for HIV (i.e., men who have sex with men [MSM], transgender individuals, and people who use drugs) for 15 years. My contributions to Science are summarized below:

1. A significant thread of my research has investigated the factors associated with HIV risk among key affected populations. I have published multiple articles that have demonstrated how a myriad of social, behavioral, and structural factors play a role in sustaining the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women, and people who use drugs. These publications describe how the co-occurrence of these factors may result in heightened risk for HIV and underscore the need for multi-level interventions that jointly address these “syndemic” conditions. Furthermore, I have published extensively on how stigma, discrimination, and criminalization impacts access to evidence-based interventions. Most recently, I also published one of the first global studies to document the disparate impact of COVID-19 on HIV prevention and treatment service accessibility among MSM who engage in sex work, were from immigrant backgrounds, were racial/ethnically minoritized, and who have lower socio-economic status in the journal AIDS and Behavior.

2. In addition to conducting epidemiologic studies on the determinants of HIV risk among key populations, I have actively engaged in the design and evaluation of interventions to address modifiable risk factors linked to HIV risk. In particular, I have conducted randomized-controlled, pharmacologic and behavioral intervention trials to reduce substance use and substance-associated sexual risk behaviors among key populations. I was the primary analyst in the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial that efficaciously reduced methamphetamine urine-positivity and methamphetamine-associated sexual risk behaviors in intention-to-treat analyses. Additionally, I was the lead author of the first article that have demonstrated the efficacy of Personalized Cognitive Counseling (PCC) in reducing alcohol and substance use among MSM—these findings has been included in the CDC’s Compendium of Evidence-Based Interventions and Best Practices for HIV Prevention. These studies are also unique because they have enrolled active-substance users who are not seeking substance use treatment and support the feasibility of conducting research based on harm-reduction principles.

3. I am also actively conducting research on the health outcomes among people living with HIV. In this capacity, I have examined outcomes along the HIV care continuum and evaluated predictors of linkage, retention and engagement in care, and virologic suppression. Additionally, I have published papers on the collateral benefits of ART initiation and the correlates of spontaneous HCV clearance using data from longitudinal cohort studies among people living with HIV. I was also involved in the seminal study that demonstrated the association between community viral load (i.e., a community's average level of HIV infectiousness) and newly diagnosed HIV infections. This paper, which has been cited 851 times, provided proof of concept data for the Treatment as Prevention (“TasP”) approach.

4. As a translational research scientist and epidemiologist, I have also endeavored to synthesize research findings across multiple studies. I conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of behavioral interventions on amphetamine-group substances, published on The Lancet. As the primary analyst in this paper, I created the fixed and random-effects models for the meta-analyses conducted in the review, which demonstrated that high-intensity behavioral interventions are efficacious in reducing methamphetamine in pooled analyses. I was also the lead author in a narrative review synthesizing the literature on non-injection substance use interventions among MSM. Most recently, I was the senior author in a narrative review on novel intervention to prevent HIV and Hepatitis C among people who inject drugs. Both narrative reviews provided an up-to-date account of the state of prevention science and highlighted the most promising interventions for substance users. Additionally, I published a meta-analyses on the psychometric properties of measures of substance use with collaborators from the HIV Prevention Trials Network.

Education
B.A., - Biology, Carleton College
Ph.D., - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco
- Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Champion Training, University of California San Francisco
M.P.H., - Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley
Honors and Awards
  • National Institutes of Health Director’s Early Independence Award, National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, 2014
  • University of California President’s Dissertation-Year Fellowship Program Award, University of California Office of the President, 2013
  • Graduate Research Mentorship Fellowship, Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, 2012
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse Dissertation Research Award, National Institutes of Health, 2012
  • Young Innovator in HIV Research, 2011 National HIV Prevention Conference, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, 2011
  • Gold Star Scientific Merit Award, 6th IAS Conference On HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, 2011
  • Youth Health Advisor, San Francisco Health Commission, 2005
  • Freeman Foundation Research Fellowship, Carleton College, 2003
Websites
Publications

  1. Hsiang E, Patel K, Wilson EC, Dunham A, Ikeda J, Matheson T, Santos GM. Barriers and facilitators to medication-assisted treatment for cocaine use disorder among men who have sex with men: a qualitative study. Addiction science & clinical practice 2024. PMID: 39568074


  2. Nagata JM, Shim J, Low P, Ganson KT, Testa A, He J, Santos GM, Brindis CD, Baker FC, Shao IY. Prospective association between screen use modalities and substance use experimentation in early adolescents. Drug and alcohol dependence 2024. PMID: 39612721


  3. Ngo TP, Cuffaro T, Santos GM. Syndemic conditions associated with hazardous alcohol consumption among sexual minority men in San Francisco. Drug and alcohol dependence reports 2024. PMID: 39619334


  5. Shao IY, Low P, Sui S, Otmar CD, Ganson KT, Testa A, Santos GM, He J, Baker FC, Nagata JM. Association between gender diversity and substance use experimentation in early adolescents. Drug and alcohol dependence 2024. PMID: 39541739


  7. Jain JP, Ma Y, Dawson-Rose C, Santos GM, Han A, Price J, Hahn JA, Tien PC. The prevalence and correlates of biomarker positive unhealthy alcohol use among women living with and without HIV in San Francisco, California. PloS one 2024. PMID: 39365789


  9. Goldman ML, McDaniel M, Manjanatha D, Rose ML, Santos GM, Shade SB, Lazar AA, Myers JJ, Handley MA, Coffin PO. Impact of San Francisco's New Street crisis response Team on Service use among people experiencing homelessness with mental and substance use disorders: A mixed methods study protocol. PloS one 2023. PMID: 38051726


  12. Nutor JJ, Gyamerah AO, Alhassan RK, Duah HO, Thompson RGA, Wilson N, Harris O, Gutierrez J, Hoffmann TJ, Getahun M, Santos GM. Influence of depression and interpersonal support on adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV. AIDS research and therapy 2023. PMID: 37386514


  14. Jain JP, Hill M, Gamarel KE, Santos GM, Johnson MO, Neilands TB, Dilworth SE, Reback CJ, Sevelius J. Socio-ecological Barriers to Viral Suppression Among Transgender Women Living with HIV in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California. AIDS and behavior 2023. PMID: 36682008


  15. Leonard A, Broussard J, Jain J, Kumar S, Santos GM, Dawson-Rose C. Prevalence and correlates of methamphetamine use in transitional age youth experiencing homelessness or housing instability in San Francisco, CA. Journal of nursing scholarship : an official publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing 2022. PMID: 36480216


  16. Hsiang E, Gyamerah A, Baguso G, Jain J, McFarland W, Wilson EC, Santos GM. Prevalence and correlates of substance use and associations with HIV-related outcomes among trans women in the San Francisco Bay Area. BMC infectious diseases 2022. PMID: 36435761


  17. Hong C, Stephenson R, Santos GM, Garner A, Howell S, Holloway I. Intimate Partner Violence Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among a Global Online Sample of Sexual Minority Men. Journal of Family Violence 2022. PMID: 36373030


  18. Santos GM, Ikeda J, Coffin P, Walker J, Matheson T, Ali A, McLaughlin M, Jain J, Arenander J, Vittinghoff E, Batki S. Targeted Oral Naltrexone for Mild to Moderate Alcohol Use Disorder Among Sexual and Gender Minority Men: A Randomized Trial. The American journal of psychiatry 2022. PMID: 36285404


  19. McLaughlin MF, Jain JP, Ikeda J, Walker JE, Coffin P, Santos GM. Correlates of high phosphatidylethanol (PEth) levels and their concordance with self-reported heavy alcohol consumption among men who have sex with men who binge drink alcohol. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 2022. PMID: 35722862


  21. Santos GM, Hong C, Wilson N, Nutor JJ, Harris O, Garner A, Holloway I, Ayala G, Howell S. Persistent disparities in COVID-19-associated impacts on HIV prevention and care among a global sample of sexual and gender minority individuals. Global public health 2022. PMID: 35435149


  23. Suen LW, McMahan VM, Rowe C, Bhardwaj S, Knight K, Kushel MB, Santos GM, Coffin P. Factors Associated with Pain Treatment Satisfaction Among Patients with Chronic Non-Cancer Pain and Substance Use. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 34772764


  24. Santos GM, Ikeda J, Coffin P, Walker JE, Matheson T, McLaughlin M, Jain J, Vittinghoff E, Batki SL. Pilot study of extended-release lorcaserin for cocaine use disorder among men who have sex with men: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Volume 16 of Issue 7. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 34265007


  25. Rao A, Rucinski K, Jarrett BA, Ackerman B, Wallach S, Marcus J, Adamson T, Garner A, Santos GM, Beyrer C, Howell S, Baral S. Perceived Interruptions to HIV Prevention and Treatment Services Associated With COVID-19 for Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in 20 Countries. Volume 87 of Issue 1. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 33443963


  26. Jain JP, Gyamerah AO, Baguso GN, Dawson-Rose C, Ikeda J, Santos GM. Social and Behavioral Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Men who Have Sex with Men who Use Alcohol in the San Francisco Bay Area. American journal of men's health 2021. PMID: 34134567


  27. Jain JP, Offer C, Rowe C, Turner C, Dawson-Rose C, Hoffmann T, Santos GM. The Psychosocial Predictors and Day-Level Correlates of Substance Use Among Participants Recruited via an Online Crowdsourcing Platform in the United States: Daily Diary Study. JMIR public health and surveillance 2021. PMID: 33904828


  28. Beliveau CM, McMahan VM, Arenander J, Angst MS, Kushel M, Torres A, Santos GM, Coffin PO. Stimulant use for self-management of pain among safety-net patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Substance abuse 2021. PMID: 33798030


  29. Haq N, McMahan VM, Torres A, Santos GM, Knight K, Kushel M, Coffin PO. Race, pain, and opioids among patients with chronic pain in a safety-net health system. Drug and alcohol dependence 2021. PMID: 33810908


  30. Garcia A, Rowe C, Turner C, Santos GM. Correlates of Alcohol-Using Network Size Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Francisco, CA. Volume 15 of Issue 2. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 33899602


  32. Santos GM, Miller D, Jain J, Gyamerah A, Wilson E, Mcfarland W, Raymond HF. Prevalence and Correlates of Methamphetamine Use Among Older Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Francisco TO REMOVE 2021. PMID:


  33. Santos GM, Ackerman B, Rao A, Wallach S, Ayala G, Lamontage E, Garner A, Holloway IW, Arreola S, Silenzio V, Strömdahl S, Yu L, Strong C, Adamson T, Yakusik A, Doan TT, Huang P, Cerasuolo D, Bishop A, Noori T, Pharris A, Aung M, Dara M, Chung SY, Hanley M, Baral S, Beyrer C, Howell S. Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 Response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. Volume 25 of Issue 2. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 32654021


  34. Rowe CL, Santos GM, Kornbluh W, Bhardwaj S, Faul M, Coffin PO. Using ICD-10-CM codes to detect illicit substance use: A comparison with retrospective self-report. Volume 221. TO REMOVE 2021. PMID: 33621806


  35. Jennifer Payaal Jain, Claudine Offer, Christopher Rowe, Caitlin Turner, Carol Dawson-Rose, Thomas Hoffman, Glenn-Milo Santos. The psychosocial predictors and day-level correlates of substance use among participants recruited via an online crowdsourcing platform in the United States (Preprint). JMIR public health and surveillance 2020. PMID:


  38. Zepf R, Greene M, Hessol NA, Johnson MO, Santos GM, John MD, Dawson-Rose C. Syndemic conditions and medication adherence in older men living with HIV who have sex with men. AIDS care 2020. PMID: 32468831


  39. Santos GM, Strathdee SA, El-Bassel N, Patel P, Subramanian D, Horyniak D, Cook RR, McCullagh C, Marotta P, Choksi F, Kang B, Allen I, Shoptaw S. Psychometric properties of measures of substance use: a systematic review and meta-analysis of reliability, validity and diagnostic test accuracy. Volume 20 of Issue 1. TO REMOVE 2020. PMID: 32380951


  40. Coffin PO, Rowe C, Oman N, Sinchek K, Santos GM, Faul M, Bagnulo R, Mohamed D, Vittinghoff E. Illicit opioid use following changes in opioids prescribed for chronic non-cancer pain. Volume 15 of Issue 5. TO REMOVE 2020. PMID: 32365132


  41. McFarland W, Lin J, Santos GM, Arayasirikul S, Raymond HF, Wilson E. Low PrEP Awareness and Use Among People Who Inject Drugs, San Francisco, 2018. AIDS and behavior 2019. PMID: 31563984


  42. Hsiang E, Offer C, Prescott M, Rodriguez A, Behar E, Matheson T, Santa Maria D, Santos GM. Bridging the Digital Divide Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Men Who Have Sex With Men to Reduce Substance Use and HIV Risk: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study. Volume 8 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2020. PMID: 32347807


  44. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Hern J, Vittinghoff E, Walker JE, Matheson T, Santos D, Colfax G, Batki SL. Effects of Mirtazapine for Methamphetamine Use Disorder Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women Who Have Sex With Men: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial. Volume 77 of Issue 3. TO REMOVE 2020. PMID: 31825466


  45. Turner CM, Ahern J, Santos GM, Arayasirikul S, Wilson EC. Parent/Caregiver Responses to Gender Identity Associated With HIV-Related Sexual Risk Behavior Among Young Trans Women in San Francisco. Volume 65 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2019. PMID: 31303553


  46. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Behar E, Hern J, Walker J, Matheson T, Kinnard EN, Silvis J, Vittinghoff E, Fox R, Page K. Randomized feasibility trial of directly observed versus unobserved hepatitis C treatment with ledipasvir-sofosbuvir among people who inject drugs. PloS one 2019. PMID: 31158245


  48. Behar E, Chang JS, Countess K, Matheson T, Santos GM, Coffin P. Perceived Causes of Personal versus Witnessed Overdoses among People who Inject Opioids. Volume 54 of Issue 12. TO REMOVE 2019. PMID: 31070106


  50. Baguso GN, Turner CM, Santos GM, Raymond HF, Dawson-Rose C, Lin J, Wilson EC. Successes and final challenges along the HIV care continuum with transwomen in San Francisco. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2019. PMID: 31037858


  51. Santos GM, Tan J, Turner C, Raymond HF. Demographic, Behavioral, and Social Characteristics Associated With Smoking and Vaping Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in San Francisco. Volume 13 of Issue 2. TO REMOVE 2019. PMID: 31043125


  52. Prescott MR, Santos GM, Arayasirikul S, Wilson E. Partnership-level correlates of sexual risk taking within the sexual partnerships of young transwomen in San Francisco, California. Volume 96 of Issue 1. TO REMOVE 2019. PMID: 30683755


  53. Hsiang E, Jennings D, Matheson T, Hern J, Euren J, Santos GM. Acceptability of pharmacotherapy for hazardous alcohol use among men who have sex with men: Findings from a qualitative study. Volume 8. TO REMOVE 2018. PMID: 30258972


  54. Santos GM, Rowe C, Hern J, Walker JE, Ali A, Ornelaz M, Prescott M, Coffin P, McFarland W, Raymond HF. Prevalence and correlates of hazardous alcohol consumption and binge drinking among men who have sex with men (MSM) in San Francisco. PloS one 2018. PMID: 30118495


  55. Ayala G, Santos GM, Arreola S, Garner A, Makofane K, Howell S. Blue-Ribbon Boys: factors associated with PrEP use, ART use and undetectable viral load among gay app users across six regions of the world. Volume 21 Suppl 5. TO REMOVE 2018. PMID: 30033536


  56. Rowe C, Wheeler E, Vittinghoff E, Santos GM, Behar E, Coffin PO. Quantity fluctuations of illicitly used opioids and overdose risk. Volume 58. TO REMOVE 2018. PMID: 29807248


  57. Turner C, Chandrakumar D, Rowe C, Santos GM, Riley ED, Coffin PO. Cross-sectional cause of death comparisons for stimulant and opioid mortality in San Francisco, 2005-2015. Drug and alcohol dependence 2018. PMID: 29486419


  58. Rowe C, Vittinghoff E, Colfax G, Coffin PO, Santos GM. Correlates of Validity of Self-Reported Methamphetamine Use among a Sample of Dependent Adults. Volume 53 of Issue 10. TO REMOVE 2018. PMID: 29461134


  59. Santa Maria D, Padhye N, Yang Y, Gallardo K, Santos GM, Jung J, Businelle M. Drug use patterns and predictors among homeless youth: Results of an ecological momentary assessment. Volume 44 of Issue 5. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 29286835


  60. Smith-Bernardin S, Rowe C, Behar E, Geier M, Washington S, Santos GM, Euren J, Martin J, Gleghorn A, Coffin PO. Low-threshold extended-release naltrexone for high utilizers of public services with severe alcohol use disorder: A pilot study. Volume 85. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 29150316


  61. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Matheson T, Behar E, Rowe C, Rubin T, Silvis J, Vittinghoff E. Behavioral intervention to reduce opioid overdose among high-risk persons with opioid use disorder: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Volume 12 of Issue 10. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 29049282


  62. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Hern J, Vittinghoff E, Santos D, Matheson T, Colfax G, Batki SL. Extended-release naltrexone for methamphetamine dependence among men who have sex with men: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Volume 113 of Issue 2. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 28734107


  63. Guigayoma J, Chen YH, Snowden JM, Santos GM, Hecht J, Raymond HF. Self-Perceived Viral Load and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Known HIV-Positive MSM in San Francisco, 2014. Volume 75 Suppl 3. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 28604432


  65. Rowe C, Vittinghoff E, Santos GM, Behar E, Turner C, Coffin PO. Performance Measures of Diagnostic Codes for Detecting Opioid Overdose in the Emergency Department. Volume 24 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 27763703


  66. Turner CM, Santos GM, Arayasirikul S, Wilson EC. Brief Report: Psychosocial Predictors of Engagement in Sexual Risk Behavior Among Trans*female Youth Aged 16-24 Years in San Francisco. Volume 74 of Issue 3. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 27861237


  67. John Walker, Deirdre Santos, Chris Rowe, Glenn-Milo Santos, Sue Jung, Phillip Coffin. A novel approach to naltrexone injections may reduce complications and increase adherence. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID:


  68. Behar E, Rowe C, Santos GM, Santos N, Coffin PO. Academic Detailing Pilot for Naloxone Prescribing Among Primary Care Providers in San Francisco. Volume 49 of Issue 2. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 28218937


  69. Glenn-Milo Santos, Phillip Coffin, D. Santos, S. Huffaker, T. Matheson, Jason Euren, Anna DeMartini, Christopher Rowe, Judith Hahn, David Vlahov, Eric Vittinghoff, Steven L. Batki. Feasibility, acceptability, tolerability of targeted naltrexone for non-dependent methamphetamine – Using and binge-drinking men who have sex with men. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID:


  70. Jennifer P. Jain, Glenn-Milo Santos, Susan Scheer, Steve Gibson, Pierre-Cedric Crouch, Robert Kohn, Walter Chang, Adam Carrico. Rates and correlates of syphilis reinfection among men who have sex with men in San Francisco. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID:


  71. Flores JM, Santos GM, Makofane K, Arreola S, Ayala G. Availability and Use of Substance Abuse Treatment Programs Among Substance-Using Men Who Have Sex With Men Worldwide. Volume 52 of Issue 5. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 28139146


  72. Turner CM, Coffin P, Santos D, Huffaker S, Matheson T, Euren J, DeMartini A, Rowe C, Batki S, Santos GM. Race/ethnicity, education, and age are associated with engagement in ecological momentary assessment text messaging among substance-using MSM in San Francisco. Volume 75. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 28237053


  73. Rowe C, Santos GM, Raymond HF, Coffin PO. Social mixing and correlates of injection frequency among opioid use partnerships. Volume 41. TO REMOVE 2017. PMID: 28113118


  74. Jain J, Santos GM, Scheer S, Gibson S, Crouch PC, Kohn R, Chang W, Carrico AW. Rates and Correlates of Syphilis Reinfection in Men Who Have Sex with Men. Volume 4 of Issue 3. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27991843


  75. Ayala G, Santos GM. Will the global HIV response fail gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men? Volume 19 of Issue 1. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27876454


  76. Behar E, Rowe C, Santos GM, Coffa D, Turner C, Santos NC, Coffin PO. Acceptability of Naloxone Co-Prescription Among Primary Care Providers Treating Patients on Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Pain. Volume 32 of Issue 3. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27815762


  78. Behar E, Rowe C, Santos GM, Murphy S, Coffin PO. Primary Care Patient Experience with Naloxone Prescription. Volume 14 of Issue 5. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27621159


  79. Scheim AI, Santos GM, Arreola S, Makofane K, Do TD, Hebert P, Thomann M, Ayala G. Inequities in access to HIV prevention services for transgender men: results of a global survey of men who have sex with men. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2016. PMID: 27431466


  80. Coffin PO, Behar E, Rowe C, Santos GM, Coffa D, Bald M, Vittinghoff E. Nonrandomized Intervention Study of Naloxone Coprescription for Primary Care Patients Receiving Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Pain. Volume 165 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27366987


  81. Rowe C, Liou T, Vittinghoff E, Coffin PO, Santos GM. Binge drinking concurrent with anal intercourse and condom use among men who have sex with men. Volume 28 of Issue 12. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27241085


  83. Santos GM, Coffin P, Santos D, Huffaker S, Matheson T, Euren J, DeMartini A, Rowe C, Hahn JA, Vlahov D, Vittinghoff E, Batki SL. Feasibility, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Targeted Naltrexone for Nondependent Methamphetamine-Using and Binge-Drinking Men Who Have Sex with Men. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2016. PMID: 26674372


  84. Rowe C, Matheson T, Das M, DeMicco E, Herbst JH, Coffin PO, Santos GM. Correlates of recent HIV testing among substance-using men who have sex with men. Volume 28 of Issue 6. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 27000299


  85. Santos GM, Makofane K, Arreola S, Do T, Ayala G. Reductions in access to HIV prevention and care services are associated with arrest and convictions in a global survey of men who have sex with men. Sexually transmitted infections 2016. PMID: 26944344


  86. Raymond HF, Scheer S, Santos GM, McFarland W. Examining progress toward the UNAIDS 90-90-90 framework among men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2014. AIDS care 2016. PMID: 26916991


  87. Rowe C, Santos GM, Vittinghoff E, Wheeler E, Davidson P, Coffin PO. Neighborhood-Level and Spatial Characteristics Associated with Lay Naloxone Reversal Events and Opioid Overdose Deaths. Volume 93 of Issue 1. TO REMOVE 2016. PMID: 26800987


  88. Rowe C, Santos GM, Behar E, Coffin PO. Correlates of overdose risk perception among illicit opioid users. Volume 159. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID: 26754425


  89. Cohen JK, Santos GM, Moss NJ, Coffin PO, Block N, Klausner JD. Regular clinic attendance in two large San Francisco HIV primary care settings. Volume 28 of Issue 5. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID: 26654093


  90. Phillip O. Coffin, Christopher Rowe, Glenn-Milo Santos, Eric Vittinghoff, Eliza Wheeler. Characteristics and predictors of naloxone utilization in a community-based overdose prevention program. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID:


  91. de Haan G, Santos GM, Arayasirikul S, Raymond HF. Non-Prescribed Hormone Use and Barriers to Care for Transgender Women in San Francisco. Volume 2 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID: 26788772


  92. Visconti AJ, Santos GM, Lemos NP, Burke C, Coffin PO. Opioid Overdose Deaths in the City and County of San Francisco: Prevalence, Distribution, and Disparities. Volume 92 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID: 26077643


  94. Rowe C, Santos GM, Vittinghoff E, Wheeler E, Davidson P, Coffin PO. Predictors of participant engagement and naloxone utilization in a community-based naloxone distribution program. Volume 110 of Issue 8. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID: 25917125


  95. Asiimwe SB, Fatch R, Emenyonu NI, Muyindike WR, Kekibiina A, Santos GM, Greenfield TK, Hahn JA. Comparison of Traditional and Novel Self-Report Measures to an Alcohol Biomarker for Quantifying Alcohol Consumption Among HIV-Infected Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 2015. PMID: 26148140


  96. Coffin PO, Rowe C, Santos GM. Novel interventions to prevent HIV and HCV among persons who inject drugs. Volume 12 of Issue 1. TO REMOVE 2015. PMID: 25589380


  97. Scheim AI, Arreola S, Do T, Makofane K, Santos GM, Thomann M, Wilson PA, Ayala G. Potential for conceptual bias in studies of racial disparities in HIV infection. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2015. PMID: 25296101


  98. Arreola S, Santos GM, Beck J, Sundararaj M, Wilson PA, Hebert P, Makofane K, Do TD, Ayala G. Sexual stigma, criminalization, investment, and access to HIV services among men who have sex with men worldwide. AIDS and behavior 2015. PMID: 25086670


  99. Behar E, Santos GM, Wheeler E, Rowe C, Coffin PO. Brief overdose education is sufficient for naloxone distribution to opioid users. Volume 148. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID: 25595053


  100. Rowe C, Santos GM, McFarland W, Wilson EC. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among trans female youth ages 16-24 years in the San Francisco Bay Area. Drug and alcohol dependence 2014. PMID: 25548025


  101. Ayala G, Makofane K, Santos GM, Arreola S, Hebert P, Thomann M, Wilson P, Beck J, Do TD. HIV Treatment Cascades that Leak: Correlates of Drop-off from the HIV Care Continuum among Men who have Sex with Men Worldwide TO REMOVE 2014. PMID:


  103. Hermanstyne KA, Santos GM, Vittinghoff E, Santos D, Colfax G, Coffin P. Event-level relationship between methamphetamine use significantly associated with non-adherence to pharmacologic trial medications in event-level analyses. Volume 143. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID: 25156227


  105. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Colfax G, Das M, Matheson T, DeMicco E, Dilley J, Vittinghoff E, Raiford JL, Carry M, Herbst JH. Adapted personalized cognitive counseling for episodic substance-using men who have sex with men: a randomized controlled trial. Volume 18 of Issue 7. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID: 24510401


  106. Phillip O. Coffin, G. Santos, M. Das, D. Santos, T. Matheson, J. Gasper, E. Vittinghoff, G. Colfax. Aripiprazole for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID:


  107. Dennis J. Dacarett-Galeano, G.M. Santos, D. Santos, M. Das, Phillip O. Coffin. Spatial and neighborhood-level correlates of retention in pharmacologic efficacy trials. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID:


  108. Knight KR, Das M, DeMicco E, Raiford JL, Matheson T, Shook A, Antunez E, Santos GM, Dadasovich R, Dilley JW, Colfax GN, Herbst JH. A roadmap for adapting an evidence-based HIV prevention intervention: personal cognitive counseling (PCC) for episodic substance-using men who have sex with men. Volume 15 of Issue 3. Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research 2014. PMID: 23412947


  109. Asher AK, Santos GM, Evans J, Dokubo EK, Lee TH, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Tobler LH, Busch M, Hunt PW, Page K. A closer look at hepatitis C clearance in HIV controllers: a response. Volume 28 of Issue 8. AIDS (London, England) 2014. PMID: 25028914


  110. Santos GM, Wilson EC, Rapues J, Macias O, Packer T, Raymond HF. HIV treatment cascade among transgender women in a San Francisco respondent driven sampling study. Volume 90 of Issue 5. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID: 24714446


  111. Santos GM, Rapues J, Wilson EC, Macias O, Packer T, Colfax G, Raymond HF. Alcohol and substance use among transgender women in San Francisco: prevalence and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Volume 33 of Issue 3. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID: 24628655


  112. Santos GM, Coffin PO, Vittinghoff E, DeMicco E, Das M, Matheson T, Raiford JL, Carry M, Colfax G, Herbst JH, Dilley JW. Substance use and drinking outcomes in Personalized Cognitive Counseling randomized trial for episodic substance-using men who have sex with men. Volume 138. TO REMOVE 2014. PMID: 24641808


  113. Pyun T, Santos GM, Arreola S, Do T, Hebert P, Beck J, Makofane K, Wilson PA, Ayala G. Internalized homophobia and reduced HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China. Asia-Pacific journal of public health 2014. PMID: 24554493


  114. Santos GM, Do T, Beck J, Makofane K, Arreola S, Pyun T, Hebert P, Wilson PA, Ayala G. Syndemic conditions associated with increased HIV risk in a global sample of men who have sex with men. Sexually transmitted infections 2014. PMID: 24431183


  115. Asher AK, Santos GM, Evans J, Dokubo EK, Lee TH, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Tobler LH, Busch M, Hunt PW, Page K. Human leukocyte antigen B*57 does not fully explain hepatitis C clearance in HIV controllers. Volume 27 of Issue 17. AIDS (London, England) 2013. PMID: 23939233


  116. Santos GM, Emenyonu NI, Bajunirwe F, Rain Mocello A, Martin JN, Vittinghoff E, Bangsberg DR, Hahn JA. Self-reported alcohol abstinence associated with ART initiation among HIV-infected persons in rural Uganda. Drug and alcohol dependence 2013. PMID: 24169501


  117. Santos GM, Beck J, Wilson PA, Hebert P, Makofane K, Pyun T, Do T, Arreola S, Ayala G. Homophobia as a barrier to HIV prevention service access for young men who have sex with men. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2013. PMID: 24135782


  118. Santos GM, Coffin PO, Das M, Matheson T, DeMicco E, Raiford JL, Vittinghoff E, Dilley JW, Colfax G, Herbst JH. Dose-response associations between number and frequency of substance use and high-risk sexual behaviors among HIV-negative substance-using men who have sex with men (SUMSM) in San Francisco. Volume 63 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2013. PMID: 23572012


  119. Ayala G, Makofane K, Santos GM, Beck J, Do TD, Hebert P, Wilson PA, Pyun T, Arreola S. Access to Basic HIV-Related Services and PrEP Acceptability among Men Who Have sex with Men Worldwide: Barriers, Facilitators, and Implications for Combination Prevention. Journal of sexually transmitted diseases 2013. PMID: 26316968


  120. Coffin PO, Santos GM, Das M, Santos DM, Huffaker S, Matheson T, Gasper J, Vittinghoff E, Colfax GN. Aripiprazole for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Volume 108 of Issue 4. TO REMOVE 2013. PMID: 23186131


  121. Colfax GN, Santos GM, Das M, Santos DM, Matheson T, Gasper J, Shoptaw S, Vittinghoff E. Mirtazapine to reduce methamphetamine use: a randomized controlled trial. Volume 68 of Issue 11. TO REMOVE 2011. PMID: 22065532


  122. Santos GM, Das M, Colfax GN. Interventions for non-injection substance use among US men who have sex with men: what is needed. Volume 15 Suppl 1. TO REMOVE 2011. PMID: 21404011


  123. Colfax G, Santos GM, Chu P, Vittinghoff E, Pluddemann A, Kumar S, Hart C. Amphetamine-group substances and HIV. Volume 376 of Issue 9739. TO REMOVE 2010. PMID: 20650520


  124. Das M, Chu PL, Santos GM, Scheer S, Vittinghoff E, McFarland W, Colfax GN. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PloS one 2010. PMID: 20548786


  125. Das M, Santos D, Matheson T, Santos GM, Chu P, Vittinghoff E, Shoptaw S, Colfax GN. Feasibility and acceptability of a phase II randomized pharmacologic intervention for methamphetamine dependence in high-risk men who have sex with men. Volume 24 of Issue 7. TO REMOVE 2010. PMID: 20397286