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Prisiones

¿Cuál es el papel de las prisiones y cárceles en la prevención del VIH?

¿Es importante hacer prevención en las prisiones y cárceles? Definitivamente. EE.UU. tiene la mayor proporción de personas encarceladas del mundo y la cifra sigue en aumento.1 En el 2007 las instituciones correccionales estatales, federales y locales alojaban a 2.4 millones de reclusos.2 Por primera vez más de uno de cada 100 adultos en EE.UU. se encuentra encarcelado.3 En comparación con la población general, los reclusos padecen más enfermedades y problemas de salud; sus tasas de VIH son 2 1/2 veces mayores. En cualquier año dado, un 25% de todas las personas VIH+ en EE.UU. pasa por una institución correccional.4 Las personas encarceladas también tienen tasas más altas de ITS, tuberculosis y hepatitis viral, abuso de alcohol y drogas y enfermedad mental.5 Estas altas tasas de infección en las prisiones y cárceles estadounidenses reflejan el hecho de que la mayoría de los reclusos provienen de zonas pobres y marginadas con poco acceso a servicios de prevención y tratamiento6 y con tasas altas de VIH, ITS y otras enfermedades infecciosas. Los sistemas de justicia penal y de salud pública pueden colaborar para brindar servicios de prevención y tratamiento integrales dentro de estas instituciones y en la comunidad. El encarcelamiento les presenta una ventana de oportunidad para la realización de servicios primarios de prevención, detección y tratamiento así como el establecimiento de enlaces oportunos que faciliten la transición para reclusos con fecha de salida cercana. ¿Cuál es la conexión entre las prisiones/cárceles y la comunidad con respecto al VIH? Por lo menos el 95% de los presos regresa a la comunidad en algún momento.7 El impacto del encarcelamiento y de la enfermedad no se limita a los hombres y mujeres tras las rejas, sino que también repercute en su familias, parejas y comunidades. Se cree erróneamente que el VIH se adquiere en la cárcel o prisión, pero en realidad casi todas las personas VIH+ se infectaron antes de entrar al sistema de justicia penal.8,9 Las personas con antecedentes de enfermedad mental, trauma o abuso físico y sexual, y que no disponen de acceso a servicios de salud mental, pueden auto medicarse con alcohol o drogas. Esta combinación propicia conductas que puedan llevar tanto a la infección por VIH como al encarcelamiento. El 45-65% de los reclusos tiene un diagnóstico de salud mental y hasta el 75% consume drogas o alcohol.10 ¿Cuál es el efecto del encarcelamiento sobre el riesgo de contraer el VIH? Los reclusos pueden tener conductas riesgosas antes, durante y después de ser encarcelados. No obstante, la conducta durante el encarcelamiento puede conllevar un mayor riesgo si no tienen acceso a condónes, jeringas limpias y otras formas de prevención. La actividad sexual (tanto consensual como por coerción), el consumo de alcohol y drogas, la inyección de drogas y el tatuaje pueden poner a los individuos en riesgo de contraer el VIH, otras ITS y la hepatitis viral.11 Un estudio con hombres jóvenes encontró que durante su encarcelamiento el 50% había consumido drogas/alcohol y el 17% había aceptado tener relaciones sexuales con hombres o mujeres.12 La salida de un entorno correccional y el regreso a la comunidad puede ser una etapa de transición estresante que muchas veces conlleva riesgos mayores que el propio encarcelamiento. Los reclusos recién liberados pueden festejar participando en conductas que aumentan su riesgo de contraer el VIH, como beber, drogarse y tener relaciones sexuales. En el estado de Washington un estudio de personas con historial de encarcelamiento encontró un alto riesgo de sobredosis de drogas durante las dos semanas siguientes a su puesta en libertad.13 Existe la percepción errónea de los hombres encarcelados como los responsables de aumentar las tasas de VIH/ITS. El encarcelamiento sí afecta las tasas de VIH/ITS en la comunidad, pero no porque los hombres contraigan estas enfermedades durante el encierro y posteriormente infecten a sus parejas sexuales femeninas cuando son liberados. En cambio, el encarcelamiento disminuye el número de hombres en la comunidad, lo cual perturba las relaciones de pareja estables, altera la proporción hombre-mujer y da lugar a relaciones de pareja concurrentes, o solapadas, de alto riesgo.14 ¿Qué se puede hacer desde adentro? A lo largo de EE.UU. muchas organizaciones de prevención del VIH y departamentos de salud pública colaboran con el sistema de justicia penal para fortalecer la salud de las personas encarceladas y la de sus comunidades. Las organizaciones pueden ofrecer: programas de pares para la prevención, incluyendo la prevención para personas positivas; reducción de daños; atención médica de alta calidad; tratamiento contra el VIH/ITS; tratamientos para la enfermedad mental y la cesación de alcohol y drogas; enlaces a servicios comunitarios previa liberación y ayuda posterior para reintegrarse en la comunidad.10,15 Consejería, pruebas y tratamiento para VIH/ITS/hepatitis/tuberculosis. El encarcelamiento puede ser una oportunidad para ofrecer pruebas de detección y tratamiento a un grupo de individuos con conductas de alto riesgo. Es importante incluir consejería integral previa a la prueba (con un proceso de consentimiento que describa las implicaciones de un resultado positivo o negativo), ya que éstos pueden tener consecuencias dentro de los centros de encarcelamiento, como la limitación de sus opciones de alojamiento, trabajo y privilegios de visita. También se debe proveer tratamiento para los que salgan positivos y orientación sobre la prevención para todos ya sea que resulten VIH positivos o negativos. Tratamiento de salud mental. Las personas encarceladas tienen altas tasas de enfermedad mental. El aglomeramiento, la violencia, el aislamiento otras condiciones de los entornos correccionales perjudican la salud mental. Las prisiones y cárceles pueden ayudar brindando valoraciones clínicas y tratamientos eficaces. Se debe remitir a las personas con trastornos mentales que han cometido delitos menores a servicios de salud mental antes o en lugar de la prisión o cárcel.16 Tratamiento integral contra el abuso de alcohol y drogas. Aunque muchas cárceles y prisiones estadounidenses ofrecen desintoxicación, consejería de profesionales y de pares, grupos de auto ayuda y educación sobre las drogas y el alcohol, muy pocas ofrecen mantenimiento con metadona, por lo que la capacidad de servicio de los programas eficaces de tratamiento contra las drogas está muy lejos de satisfacer la necesidad. En la ciudad de Nueva York, NY, el programa KEEP brinda tratamiento con metadona durante el encarcelamiento y reserva espacios para que los individuos liberados continúen en tratamiento.17 ¿Qué son las intervenciones de transición? Las intervenciones de transición eficaces aseguran que los servicios de prevención y tratamiento proporcionados en las prisiones y cárceles tengan continuidad fuera de éstas. Al entrar en vigor la ley Second Chance Act, muchas comunidades jugarán un mayor papel en la planificación para la transición.17 El proyecto START es la única intervención del Compendium of Evidence-Based Interventions de los CDC destinada a poblaciones encarceladas. START se centra en los clientes (personas recién liberadas de una institución correccional) y les brinda una intervención de 6 sesiones con el fin de reducir su riesgo de VIH, ITS y hepatitis. Basándose en la reducción de daños, START emplea un modelo de prevención con manejo de casos y fomento de la motivación para estimular la reducción de riesgos. Las dos sesiones iniciales preceden a la puesta en libertad y las cuatro finales ocurren después de ésta. Todas incluyen coordinación de remisiones a servicios de vivienda, empleo, desintoxicación de drogas/alcohol, salud mental, jurídicos y prevención de futuros encarcelamientos. START tuvo eficacia para reducir las relaciones sexuales sin protección con jóvenes recién liberados de prisión.18 El proyecto Bridge en Providence, RI, ofrece manejo intensivo de casos para personas VIH+ que salen de la cárcel estatal, quienes son atendidos por un trabajador social y un promotor de salud durante 18 meses. Los participantes se reúnen con ellos una vez por semana durante 12 semanas, luego una vez al mes como mínimo. El proyecto Bridge ha logrado ayudar a personas VIH+ a conseguir y a mantener servicios primordiales después de su puesta en libertad. La investigación ha demostrado que a pesar de tener altos niveles de adicción (el 97%) y de enfermedad mental (el 34%), los participantes recibieron atención médica posterior a su liberación (el 95%), consiguieron vivienda (el 46%) y lograron acceso a servicios de salud mental (el 71%) y de adicción (el 51%).19 ¿Qué queda por hacer? Para triunfar contra el VIH en las prisiones, cárceles y comunidades se requieren estrategias de prevención eficaces (educación por pares, acceso a condones, consejería y pruebas de VIH, etc.) junto con otras estrategias médicas y de tipo estructural que sean exitosas. Algunas estrategias estructurales que han demostrado reducción de VIH/ITS en correccionales son: programas de reducción de daños (provisión de jeringas limpias);21 tratamiento contra alcohol y drogas;17 tratamiento de salud mental;16 tratamiento contra ITS/VIH;5 planes para la transición;19,20 vivienda;5 alternativas al encarcelamiento;15 y reformas con respecto a las condenas y la libertad condicional.1 Es esencial la colaboración entre el sistema de justicia penal (prisión, cárcel, libertad a prueba y condena condicional) y el sistema comunitario de salud pública (servicios sociales y de salud, programas de tratamiento, etc.), y existen varios modelos eficaces. Los programas conjuntos pueden ayudar a resolver problemas de salud pública al tiempo que entienden los retos de priorización de la seguridad y custodia públicas. Si realmente pretendemos reducir las tasas de VIH, ITS y hepatitis en nuestras comunidades, nos incumbe unir fuerzas para crear un espectro continuo de servicios que mejore la prevención, la atención y el tratamiento tanto en las prisiones y cárceles como en las comunidades afectadas desproporcionadamente por el VIH.

¿Quién lo dice?

1. PEW Center on the States. One in 31: The long reach of American corrections. March 2009. 2. West HC, Sabol WJ. Prisoners in 2007. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. 2008. 3. Maruschak L. HIV in Prisons, 2006. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. 2008. 4. Hammett TM, Harmon MP, Rhodes W. The burden of infectious disease among inmates of and releasees from US correctional facilities, 1997. American Journal of Public Health. 2002 ;92:1789-1794. 5. The Foundation for AIDS Research. HIV in correctional settings: implications for prevention and treatment policy. Issue Brief No 5, March 2008. 6. Golembeski C, Fullilove R. Criminal (in)justice in the city and its associated health consequences. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95:1701–1706. 7. Hughes T, James Wilson D. Reentry trends in the United States. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 8. Vlahov D, Putnam S. From corrections to communities as an HIV priority. Journal of Urban Health. 2006;83:339-348. 9. Zack B, Kramer K. HIV prevention education in correctional settings. Project UNSHACKLE discussion paper. May 2008. 10. James DJ, Glaze LE. Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. September 2006. 11. HIV transmission among male inmates in a state prison system – Georgia, 1992-2005. Morbity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2006;55:421-426. 12. Seal DW, Margolis AD, Morrow KM, et al. Substance use and sexual behavior during incarceration among 18- to 29-year old men: prevalence and correlates.AIDS and Behavior. 2008;12:27-40. 13. Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, et al. Release from prison—a high risk of death for former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356:157-165. 14. Aral SO, Adimora AA, Fenton KA. Understanding and responding to disparities in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in African Americans. Lancet. 2008;372:337-340. 15. Freudenberg N. Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health. Journal of Urban Health. 2001;78:214-235. 16. World Health Organization. Mental health and prisons. 2005. 17. Tomasino V, Swanson AJ, Nolan J, et al. The Key Extended Entry Program (KEEP): A methadone treatment program for opiate-dependent inmates. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine. 2001;68:14-20. 18. Second Chance Act. 19. Wolitski RJ, The Project START study group. Relative efficacy of a multi-session sexual risk-reduction intervention for young men released from prison in 4 states. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96:1845-1861. 20. Zaller ND, Holmes L, Dyl AC, et al. Linkage to treatment and supportive services among HIV-positive ex-offenders in Project Bridge. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2008;19:522-531. 21. Jürgens R, Ball A, Verster A. Interventions to reduce HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in prison. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2009;9:57-66.
Una publicación del Centro de Estudios para la Prevención del SIDA (CAPS) y el Instituto de Investigaciones sobre SIDA (ARI), Universidad de California en San Francisco (UCSF). Se autoriza la reproducción (citando a UCSF) más no la venta de copias este documento. También disponibles en inglés. Para recibir las Hojas de Datos por correo electrónico escriba a [email protected] con el mensaje “subscribe CAPSFS nombre apellido” ©UCSF 2010
Resource

Mujeres

¿Qué necesitan las mujeres en la prevención del VIH en EEUU?

¿corren riesgo de contraer el VIH?

Sí. El VIH afecta a cada vez más mujeres y muchachas en EEUU. En 1985, las mujeres componían el sólo el 8 % de los casos de SIDA en EEUU, en comparación con el 27 % en el año 2005. Para el 2005, las mujeres ya representaban el 30 % de las nuevas infecciones por VIH, de las cuales el 60 % eran afroamericanas, el 19 % caucásicas, el 19 % hispanas y el 1 % asiáticas/isleñas del Pacífico e indígenas americanas/nativas de Alaska, respectivamente.

¿qué mujeres son más afectadas por el VIH?

El VIH/SIDA afecta desproporcionadamente a las mujeres afroamericanas y las hispanas. Aunque estos dos grupos componen sólo el 23 % de la población femenina de EEUU, en el año 2005 representaban el 79 % de los casos nuevos de infección por VIH (afroamericanas: 60 %, hispanas: 19 %). En el 2004 la infección por VIH fue la primera causa de muerte entre mujeres negras (incluidas las afroamericanas) entre 25 y 34 años de edad. El VIH/SIDA también afecta a mujeres más jóvenes. En años recientes, el mayor número de diagnósticos de VIH/SIDA entre mujeres se dio en las que tenían entre 15 y 39 años de edad. En el 2005, las mujeres jóvenes representaban el 28 % de los casos de SIDA entre mujeres y hombres de 20 a 24 años de edad.

¿qué pone en riesgo a las mujeres?

La mayoría de las mujeres contraen el VIH por medio del contacto heterosexual, especialmente si su pareja se inyecta drogas. En el 2005, el 80 % de las nuevas infecciones entre mujeres se debían al contacto heterosexual. Las mujeres son más propensas que los hombres a adquirir el VIH durante el coito debido a que, dentro del tracto genital femenino, una mayor superficie queda expuesta. El consumo de drogas (inyectables o no inyectables) aumenta el riesgo que corren las mujeres de contraer el VIH y está fuertemente vinculado a las prácticas sexuales riesgosas. Aproximadamente el 20 % de los nuevos casos femeninos de VIH se relaciona con el uso de drogas inyectables. Las consumidoras de cocaína en roca (crack) también pueden correr un riesgo elevado de transmisión del VIH, en particular si venden o intercambian el sexo por drogas. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) que no sean el VIH pueden aumentar las posibilidades de adquirir o de transmitir el VIH. En EEUU, la clamidia y la gonorrea (ambas infecciones asintomáticas) son las ITS que se reportan con mayor frecuencia, con las tasas más altas entre las mujeres no caucásicas, las mujeres jóvenes y las adolescentes. El abuso sexual (en la niñez y en la edad adulta) y la violencia doméstica juegan un papel fundamental en aumentar el riesgo de contraer el VIH. Cada año 2.1 millones de mujeres son violadas y cuatro millones son víctimas de la violencia doméstica en EE.UU.; de estas mujeres, más de 10,000 mujeres violadas y 79,000 de las víctimas de abuso requieren hospitalización. Las mujeres que han sufrido abuso sexual desde temprana edad y en forma crónica son siete veces más propensas a participar en conductas que las ponen en riesgo de contraer el VIH que otras mujeres sin antecedentes de trauma. Las mujeres sufren desproporcionadamente de la pobreza, en particular las mujeres no caucásicas con VIH, lo cual reduce sus posibilidades de tener seguro médico y acceso a servicios médicos o preventivos de alta calidad. En EEUU, unos dos tercios de las mujeres con VIH tienen ingresos anuales por debajo de $10,000. La pobreza puede aumentar los riesgos de VIH tales como el intercambio del sexo por dinero, alojamiento o drogas. Entre las mujeres jóvenes y de bajos ingresos encuestadas en California, las que afirmaron haber hecho trabajo sexual tenían tasas más altas de sífilis, herpes, hepatitis C y antecedentes de abuso sexual. El abuso, la violencia y la pobreza pueden minar el poder de la mujer a la hora de negociar el uso de condones o de escoger parejas sexualmente más seguras. También pueden llevar a problemas psicológicos como la depresión, la ansiedad y el trastorno de estrés postraumático (PTSD en inglés). Tener parejas concurrentes puede incrementar el riesgo de contraer el VIH y es más común entre las mujeres jóvenes solteras pobres.

¿qué se puede hacer para ayudar?

Involucrar a las parejas masculinas. Para poder protegerse contra el VIH, las mujeres no sólo dependen de sus propias habilidades, actitudes y conductas con respecto al uso de condones, sino también de las de sus compañeros sexuales. En muchas relaciones románticas la intimidad pesa más que la protección contra el VIH. La inclusión de los hombres en los programas de prevención del VIH puede profundizar la intimidad y confianza y mejorar la comunicación y negociación sexual incluyendo las preguntas sobre parejas sexuales anteriores y actuales. Recibir el apoyo de otras mujeres. Muchos programas de prevención para mujeres ofrecen grupos para reducir el aislamiento y permitir el apoyo mutuo entre mujeres y la normalización de prácticas más seguras. Un aumento del apoyo social puede incrementar la autoestima y promover la toma de decisiones más saludables. Un programa en Washington, DC generó apoyo y empoderamiento para mujeres afroamericanas VIH+ por medio de pláticas educativas durante comidas comunales y la provisión de pequeños obsequios (junto con condones) a manera de incentivo o agradecimiento. Ayudar con otros problemas no relacionados con el VIH. Las mujeres vulnerables al VIH encaran muchos desafíos conductuales y estructurales además del VIH: la pobreza y otras dificultades económicas, el desempleo, la violencia y las relaciones de pareja dañinas, la migración, las ITS, el uso de drogas y la necesidad de cuidar de niños y otros familiares. Los programas de prevención del VIH para mujeres deben brindarles transporte, cuidado infantil, alimentos nutritivos y remuneración en forma de comida, tarjetas telefónicas o de tiendas y paquetes de regalos. También deben ofrecer remisiones adecuadas y actualizadas para servicios de empleo, vivienda, atención médica y de salud mental en caso de trauma, abuso y depresión.

¿qué se está haciendo al respecto?

Actualmente existen 17 intervenciones para mujeres las cuales han sido reconocidas por los CDC como ejemplos de “las mejores evidencias” o “evidencias prometedoras” o bien que forman parte del proyecto Diffusion of Effective Behavioral Interventions (DEBI): CHOICES, Communal Effectance-AIDS Prevention, Female and Culturally Specific Negotiation, Project FIO, Project SAFE, RAPP, SiHLE, SISTA, Sisters Saving Sisters, Sister to Sister, WHP, WiLLOW, Women’s Co-op, Condom Promotion, Insights, Safer Sex y SEPA. En San Francisco, el proyecto Women’s Leadership and Community Planningorganiza una capacitación de dos días para mujeres con VIH en California que quieren asumir papeles de mayor liderazgo en los concilios de planificación estatal. En las jornadas de capacitación las mujeres forman redes de contacto, aprenden sobre la pronunciación de discursos, la toma de decisiones y el manejo de conflictos. Ellas se mantienen en contacto por medio de conferencias telefónicas mensuales. Después de la primera capacitación, 6 de las 13 asistentes pasaron a ocupar puestos de liderazgo en sus concilios locales o estatales. Respeto/Proteger: Respecting and Protecting our Relationships es un programa de prevención del VIH para madres y padres adolescentes latinos en Los Ángeles, CA. Creado y probado conjuntamente por una organización comunitaria e investigadores académicos, el programa reconoce los riesgos que las adolescentes afrontan, como la pobreza, el uso de drogas y alcohol, y antecedentes de ITS, abuso físico o abuso sexual. La intervención consiste en seis sesiones destinadas a sanar el espíritu herido y cultivar los sentimientos de protección materna y paterna por medio de enseñanzas culturales tradicionales.

¿qué queda por hacer?

Los programas para los hombres (especialmente los UDIs) también beneficiarán a las mujeres. El intercambio de jeringas y el tratamiento para dejar las drogas son esenciales. Las agencias de salud pública necesitan aumentar la conciencia sobre el abuso sexual y la violencia domestica, no sólo para ayudar a los hombres y a las mujeres a aprender cómo evitarlas, sino también para mitigar sus efectos sobre la epidemia del VIH. También se necesitan campañas de detección del VIH dirigidas sólo a mujeres y sitios de pruebas donde las mujeres se sientan cómodas. Dada la falta de evidencias de intervenciones biomédicas (microbicidas y vacunas) eficaces, persiste la necesidad de brindar intervenciones conductuales y estructurales de prevención del VIH para mujeres. Sin embargo, debe continuar la investigación sobre cómo las mujeres pueden protegerse utilizando una herramienta accesible, económica, cómoda y discreta. Es importante trasladar y concretar los hallazgos de los estudios en programas tangibles de salud pública y en políticas eficaces. Son especialmente valiosas aquellas intervenciones que tomen en cuenta la sexualidad, la familia, la cultura, el empoderamiento, la autoestima y las habilidades de negociación, así como las intervenciones ubicadas en una variedad de ambientes comunitarios.

¿Quién lo dice?

1. Kaiser Family Foundation. Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States. Policy Fact Sheet. July 2007. 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cases of HIV infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005. HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. 2007;17. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS fact sheet: HIV/AIDS among women. June 2007. 4. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at National Institutes of Health. Research on HIV infection in women. 2006. 5. Theall KP, Sterk CE, Elifson KW, et al. Factors associated with positive HIV serostatus among women who use drugs: continued evidence for expanding factors of influence. Public Health Reports. 2003;118:415-424. 6. Sangani P, Rutherford G, Wilkinson D. Population-based interventions for reducing sexually transmitted infections, including HIV infection.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004; 2:CD001220. 7. Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W. Sexually transmitted diseases among American youth: incidence and prevalence estimates, 2000. Perspectives in Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004;36:6-10. 8. Koenig LJ, Moore J. Women, violence, and HIV: A critical evaluation with implications for HIV services. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2000;4:103-109. 9. Wyatt GE, Myers HF, Loeb TB. Women, trauma, and HIV: an overview. AIDS and Behavior. 2004;8:401-403. 10. Bozzette SA, Berry SH, Duan N, et al. The care of HIV-infected adults in the United States. HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study Consortium. New Engand Journal of Medicine. 1998;339:1897-1904. 11. Cohan DL, Kim A, Ruiz J, et al. Health indicators among low income women who report a history of sex work: the population based Northern California Young Women’s Survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2005;81:428-433. 12. Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Bonas DM, et al. Concurrent sexual partnerships among women in the United States. Epidemiology. 2002;13:320-327. 13. Prosper! The Women’s Collective, Washington DC. 14. Dworkin SL, Ehrhardt AA. Going beyond “ABC” to include “GEM”: critical reflections on progress in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. American Journal of Public Health. 2007;97:13-18. 15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated Compendium of Evidence-Based Interventions, 2007. 16. Women’s Leadership and Community Planning project, CompassPoint, San Francisco, CA. 17. Lesser J, Koniak-Griffin D, Gonzalez-Figueroa E, et al. Childhood abuse history and risk behaviors among teen parents in a culturally rooted, couple-focused HIV prevention program. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2007;18:18-27. 18. Landovitz RJ. Recent efforts in biomedical prevention of HIV. Topics in HIV Medicine. 2007;15:99-103.

Preparado por Roshan Rahnama, MPH, CAPS Traducido por Rocky Schnaath Septiembre 2008. Hoja de Dato #4SR

Resource

Condom use Among Hispanics - Male

Hispanic Condom Use Study 1991 Questionnaire for Use with Males

TIME AT BEGINNING:  ______________

Many of the questions we will be asking relate to sexual matters and it is
 possible that you may feel a bit uncomfortable.  But please remember that your
 responses are completely confidential and that you may indicate if there are
 any questions you do not wish to answer.

I would like to ask you some general questions about AIDS. Your answer can be
 "yes," "probably yes," "probably no," or "no."

1.  Do you think it's possible to get the AIDS virus from a mosquito bite?
Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(06)

2.  Do you think it's possible to get the AIDS virus by sitting on a public toilet?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(07)

3.  Do you think AIDS is a problem only for homosexuals and drug addicts?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(08)

4.  Do you think it's possible to know by appearance if a person has the AIDS
 virus?  

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(09)

5.  Have you personally known someone who had AIDS or was infected with
the AIDS virus?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(10)

		              8  DON'T KNOW	

6.  How often do you worry that you might get the virus that causes AIDS?
  Would you say very often, often, sometimes, or never?
	(11)
	1   Very often	2   Often	3   Sometimes	4   Never

I'll be asking some questions about condoms or rubbers. 

7. Would you like me to use the word "condom" or "rubber?"

		4   CONDOM	5   RUBBER	(12)

		6  NO PREFERENCE (USE "CONDOM")

The following items ask for information about how condoms/rubbers are used.
  If you have never used condoms/rubbers, your answers are still important
to us.

8.  Do you think vaseline is a good lubricant or cream for condoms/rubbers?

	1    YES	0    NO   	8   DOESN'T KNOW	(13)

9.  Do you think a condom/rubber should be unrolled before putting it on a
man's penis?

	1    YES	0    NO   	8   DOESN'T KNOW	(14)

Now we would like to ask you some questions about your experiences with
 condoms/rubbers and other sexual activities.  I will be using the word
 "partner" to refer to the person with whom one has sex.  This information is
 very important for our study.  Each person has different sexual experiences,
so some questions may not apply to you. 

10.  How often do you carry a condom/rubber with you?  Would you say always,
 sometimes, hardly ever, or never?

	1   Always	2   Sometimes	3   Hardly ever	4   Never   (15)

11. Have you ever used condoms/rubbers?      

	1    YES	0    NO    [GO TO Q 15]	9   RA	(16)

12.  Have you ever used condoms/rubbers to avoid a pregnancy?

	1    YES	0    NO   	9   RA	(17)

13.  Have you ever used condoms/rubbers to avoid diseases?

	1    YES	0    NO   	9   RA	(18)

14.  How did you get condoms/rubbers? 

[IF RESPONDENT GIVES MORE THAN ONE ANSWER, ASK WHERE HE HAS BOUGHT
 THEM OR GOTTEN THEM MORE OFTEN AND CIRCLE ONLY THAT RESPONSE]

		[DO NOT READ RESPONSES]

______ BOUGHT THEM	ASK:	Where?   		

	1	PHARMACY OR DRUG STORE
	2	RESTROOM VENDING MACHINES
	3	SUPERMARKET
	9	RA
				(19)

______ GIVEN TO THEM	ASK:	Where? 

	4	AT A HEALTH CENTER
	5	ON THE STREET
	6	BY A FRIEND/RELATIVE
	7	FROM A PARTNER
	8	ELSEWHERE  __________________________
	9	RA

15.  In these questions we'll talk about a steady sex partner.  A steady sex
 partner is a person one has sex with in an ongoing relationship and might be
a spouse. 

	Imagine that you will have sex with a wife or steady partner in the next 30
 days.  How often do you think you would use condoms/rubbers?  Would you say
 always, more than half the time, half the time, less than half the time, or
 never?

[IF RESPONDENT SAYS NOT APPLICABLE, SAY:  "Even if you don't know, please
try to guess."]

	1	Always	(20)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	9 	RA

16. Imagine that you will have sex with a partner other than a steady partner
in the next 30 days.  How often do you think you would use condoms/rubbers?

[IF RESPONDENT SAYS NOT APPLICABLE, SAY:  "Even if you don't know, please
try to guess."]

	1	Always	(21)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	9 	RA

17.  Have you had sex at least once in the past 12 months, that is, since
[THIS MONTH] of 1990?

	1    YES [GO TO Q19]	0    NO [GO TO Q18]	9   RA [GO TO Q18]	(22)

18.  Have you had sex at least once in the last 5 years?

	1    YES [GO TO Q19]	0    NO [GO TO Q26]	9   RA [GO TO Q26]	(23)

19. As I said, some questions may not apply to you.  If a question does not apply
 to you, please let me know.

	When you had sex with your wife or steady partner in the last 12 months, how
 often did you use condoms/rubbers?  Would you say always, more than half the
 time, half the time, less than half the time, or never?

	1	Always	(24)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	7	NO STEADY PARTNER
	8	NO SEX PAST 12 MONTHS [GO TO Q26]
	9 	RA

20.  When you had sex with a woman other than your wife or steady partner in
 the last 12 months, how often did you use condoms/rubbers? 

	1	Always	(25)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	7	NO CASUAL PARTNER
	8	NO FEMALE PARTNER [GO TO Q22]
	9 	RA

21.  How many women have you had sex with in the last 12 months in total?

	___  ___  NUMBER OF WOMEN 				(26-27)
		[90 OR MORE = 90]	99	RA	

22.  If you had sex with any male partner in the last 12 months, how often
were condoms/rubbers used?  Would you say always, more than half the time,
 half the time, less than half the time, or never?

	1	Always	(28)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	7	NO SEX WITH MALE PARTNER [GO TO Q24]
	8	NO SEX AT ALL [GO TO Q26]
	9 	REFUSED TO ANSWER

23.  How many men have you had sex with in the last 12 months in total?

	___  ___  NUMBER OF MEN 				(29-30)
		[90 OR MORE = 90]

		98	NO SEX AT ALL [GO TO Q26]
		99	RA

IF Q21 AND Q23 ARE  00, GO TO Q26

24.  In the last 12 months, how often did you drink alcoholic beverages before
 having sex? Would you say always, more than half the time, half the time, less
 than half the time, or never?

	1	Always	(31)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	7	NO SEX LAST 12 MONTHS [GO TO Q26]
	9 	REFUSED TO ANSWER

25.  In the last 12 months, how often did you use drugs before having sex?

	1	Always	(32)
	2	More than half the time
	3	Half the time
	4	Less than half the time
	5	Never
	9 	REFUSED TO ANSWER

26.  Do you think you're going to have sex in the next 30 days?  Would you say
 yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(33)

27.  Is it possible to know beforehand if you're going to have sex? 

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(34)

In the following questions I am going to ask your opinions about the use of
 condoms/rubbers.  If you have never had sex or if you have never used a
 condom/rubber, please answer the questions trying to imagine how you would
 feel in each case.

28.  Do you think condoms/rubbers are only for men having sex with female
 prostitutes?  Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(35)

29.  Do you think it's difficult to find places to buy condoms/rubbers?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(36)

30.  Would you use a condom/rubber even if you had to stop to buy them or look
 for them?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(37)

31.  Would you use a condom/rubber even if you had been drinking alcoholic
 beverages or using drugs?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(38)

			BLANK	(39)

33.  Would you be able to refuse to have sex if your partner didn't want you to
 use a condom/rubber?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(40)

34. Imagine that you used a condom/rubber the next time you had sex.

Would you feel less sexual pleasure than if you didn't use one?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(41)

35. If you used a condom/rubber, would sex last longer than if you didn't use
 one?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(42)

36. If you used a condom/rubber, would you feel guilty?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(43)

37. If you used a condom/rubber, would you feel an emotional barrier with
your sex partner? 

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(44)

38. Do you think the condom/rubber would cause a burning sensation?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(45)

39. Do you think putting on a condom/rubber would interrupt sex?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(46)

40. Do you think sex would be cleaner than if you didn't use a condom/rubber?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(47)

Continue to imagine that you used a condom/rubber the next time you had sex

41.  Do you think the condom/rubber would feel uncomfortable or too tight?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(48)

42.  Do you think the condom/rubber might come off inside your partner?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(49)

43. Do you think the condom/rubber might break?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(50)

44. If you used a condom/rubber, do you think you might get cancer?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(51)

45. If you used a condom/rubber, do you think a female partner would get
 pregnant? 

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	9   RA	(52)

46. If you used a condom/rubber, would it be more difficult for you to
ejaculate or come than if you didn't use one?  

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(53)

47. If you used a condom/rubber, would it be more difficult for you to keep an
 erection than if you didn't use one?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(54)

In the following questions we'll talk about two types of partners: steady sex
 partners and casual sex partners.  As you recall, a steady sex partner is a
 person one has sex with in an ongoing relationship. A casual sex partner refers
 to a person one doesn't know very well and has sex with only once or a few
 times.

48. Would you be able to use a condom/rubber with a steady partner?
Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(55)

49. Would you be able to use a condom/rubber with a casual partner?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(56)

Imagine that you were going to have sex with a casual partner and you used
a condom/rubber

50. Do you think you could get a venereal disease such as gonorrhea or
syphilis?
Would you say yes, probably yes, probably no, or no?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(57)

51. If you used a condom/rubber with this casual partner, do you think you
could get the virus that causes AIDS?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(58)

52. If you used a condom/rubber with this casual partner, would you worry
less about giving a steady partner a disease such as syphilis, gonorrhea or
 AIDS? 

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(59)

Imagine that you insisted on using a condom/rubber the next time you had sex
 with a steady partner,

53. Would it lead the steady partner to think you had had sex with someone
 else?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(60)

54. If you insisted on using condoms/rubbers, do you think a steady partner
 would get angry?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(61)

55. Would a casual partner get angry?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(62)

				BLANK	(63-64)

58. If you insisted on using a condom/rubber, do you think a steady partner
 would refuse to have sex with you?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(65)

59. Would a casual partner refuse to have sex with you?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(66)

60. Imagine that you carried condoms/rubbers in your pocket or wallet.
Do you think that your men friends would think badly of you?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(67)

			9  RA	

61. If you had condoms/rubbers with you, would a casual partner respect you
 more than if you didn't have them?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(68)

62. If a woman has condoms/rubbers with her, do you think she is willing to
 have sex with someone she just met?

	1   Yes	2   Probably Yes	3   Probably No	4   No	(69)

		Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
		(01-04)
		Card = 3	(05)

In the following questions we want to know how much you would be bothered
by some things that could happen to a person who used condoms/rubbers.
These questions may seem repetitive but they are very important and we
would appreciate your patience.

The responses can be "A lot" "Somewhat" or "Very little" 

63. How much would it bother you to feel less pleasure during sex?  Would it
 bother you a lot, somewhat or very little?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(06)

64. How much would it bother you to feel a burning sensation in your sex
 organs?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(07)

65. How much would it bother you  to interrupt sex?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(08)

66. How much would it bother you  to feel guilty?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(09)

67. How much would it bother you  to have a condom/rubber that feels
 uncomfortable or too tight?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(10)

68. How much would it bother you if a condom/rubber came off inside your
 partner?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(11)

69. How much would it bother you  if a condom/rubber broke?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(12)

70. How much would it bother you  if you felt an emotional barrier with your
 partner?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(13)

				BLANK	(14)

72. How much would it bother you  if you had trouble ejaculating?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(15)

73. How much would it bother you  if you had trouble keeping an erection?	

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(16)

74. How much would it bother you to get a venereal disease like gonorrhea
or syphilis?	

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(17)

75. How much would it bother you  to have a steady partner think you had had
 sex with someone else?	

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(18)

76. How much would it bother you  to have a steady partner get angry?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(19)

77. How much would it bother you  to have a casual partner get angry?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(20)

78. How much would it bother you  to have a steady partner refuse to have
sex with you?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(21)

79. How much would it bother you  to have a casual partner refuse to have
sex with you?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(22)

80. How much would it bother you  to have your men friends think badly of you?

		1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little	(23)

81. Now, please tell me, how much would you like to have a casual partner
 respect you more?  Would you say a lot, somewhat, or very little?

		6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(24)

82. How much would you like not having to worry about giving a steady partner
 a disease like syphilis, gonorrhea or AIDS?

		6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(25)

83. How much would you like to have sex feel cleaner?

		6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(26)

For the following items, first tell me if you would like it or dislike it, then
tell me how much you would like or dislike it.

84.  Would you like or dislike having a female sex partner get pregnant now?
  How much, a lot, somewhat or very little?

	like it:	6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(27)

	dislike it:	1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little

85. Would you like or dislike having sex last longer?  How much?

	like it:	6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(28)

	dislike it:	1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little

		BLANK	(29)

87. Would you like or dislike using a condom/rubber with a steady partner?
  How much?

	like it:	6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(30)

	dislike it:	1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little

88. Would you like or dislike using a condom/rubber with a casual partner?
  How much?

	like it:	6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(31)

	dislike it:	1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little

89. Would you like or dislike carrying a condom/rubber with you?  How much?

	like it:	6   A lot	5   Somewhat	4    Very little	(32)

	dislike it:	1   A lot	2   Somewhat	3    Very little

90. How many of your closest men friends do you think carry condoms with
 them?
  Would you say almost all, more than half, half, less than half or almost none?

[IF THE PERSON DOESN'T KNOW, SAY: "Even if you don't know, please try to
 guess"]

			(33)
	1   Almost 	2   More	3   Half	4   Less	5   Almost
	all	than half		than half	None

					7   NO FRIENDS [GO TO Q93]

91. How many of your closest men friends do you think use condoms/rubbers
 when they have sex with a steady partner?
			(34)
	1   Almost 	2   More	3   Half	4   Less	5   Almost
	all	than half		than half	None

92. How many of your closest men friends do you think use condoms/rubbers
 when they have sex with a casual partner?
			(35)
	1   Almost 	2   More	3   Half	4   Less	5   Almost
	all	than half		than half	None

					7 NO FRIENDS HAVE CASUAL PARTNERS

93. Try to imagine how comfortable you would feel in the following situations.

	How comfortable would you feel buying a condom/rubber?  Would you feel very
 comfortable, somewhat comfortable, somewhat uncomfortable or very
 uncomfortable?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(36)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

94.  How comfortable would you feel insisting on using a condom/rubber
with a steady partner?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(37)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

95. How comfortable would you feel  insisting on using a condom/rubber with a casual partner?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(38)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

96. How comfortable would you feel  putting on a condom/rubber?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(39)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

97.  How comfortable would you feel  having a condom/rubber put on you?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(40)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

98. How comfortable would you feel  using a condom/rubber with a steady
 partner?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(41)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

99. How comfortable would you feel  using a condom/rubber with a casual
 partner?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(42)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

100. How comfortable would you feel  being naked in front of a sex partner?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(43)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

101. How comfortable would you feel having sex with the lights on?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(44)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

102. How comfortable would you feel having sex with a new partner?

	1   Very 	2   Somewhat	3   Somewhat	4   Very	(45)
	comfortable	comfortable	uncomfortable	uncomfortable	

Now I'd like to ask you:

103. Do you have any children?

	00    NO	YES   How many?     ___ ___	(46-47)

104. Have you been circumcised?

	1    YES	0    NO 	8    DON'T KNOW	9    RA	(48)

IF NECESSARY, ASK:  Do you have a wife or steady partner who is a woman?

YES [GO TO Q105]			***No  [GO TO Q111]

105. Is your wife or steady partner pregnant? 

	1	YES 	[GO TO Q. 111]	(49)
	0	NO
	7	HE/SHE CANNOT HAVE CHILDREN  [GO TO Q111]
	8	DON'T KNOW
	9	RA

106. Is she trying to get pregnant?

	1	YES 	[GO TO Q. 111]	(50)
	0	NO
	7	HE/SHE CANNOT HAVE CHILDREN  [GO TO Q111]
	9	RA

107. Has she given birth in the last 3 months?

	1	YES 	[GO TO Q. 111]	(51)
	0	NO
	7	HE/SHE CANNOT HAVE CHILDREN  [GO TO Q111]
	9	RA

108. Have you or your steady partner used some form of birth control other
than condoms/rubbers in the last 12 months?

	YES >>>>>>>>>>>>>>[IF  THE ANSWER IS YES]    Which kind?	(52)
			[CIRCLE ALL THAT APPLY]
	1    PILL
	0   NO	2    IUD
	3    DIAPHRAGM
		4    SPONGE/FOAM/JELLY
	5    DOUCHE
	9   RA	6    WITHDRAWAL
		7    ABORTION
			8    OTHER ___________________

IF ANSWER IS YES, GO TO Q111

109. Is there a reason why your partner is unable to have children either due
to an operation or some other cause?

	1	YES 	[GO TO Q. 111]	(53)
	0	NO
	8	DON'T KNOW
	9	RA

110. Is there a reason why you are unable to have children either due to an
 operation or some other cause?

	1	YES 		(54)
	0	NO
	8	DON'T KNOW
	9	RA

111. Now I'm going to ask you some questions about how you have been feeling
 during the last seven days.   Since [ TODAY'S DAY OF THE WEEK] of last week 

	Were you bothered by things that usually don't bother you?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(55)
			How many days during the past week?

		[DO NOT READ RESPONSES]

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

112. Did you feel like not eating or was your appetite poor?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(56)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

113. Did you feel like you couldn't shake off the blues even with the help of
 family and friends?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(57)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

114. Did you feel depressed?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(58)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

115. Did you feel as if your life had been a failure?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(59)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

116. Did you feel afraid?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(60)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

117. Was your sleep restless?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(61)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

118. Did you feel lonely?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(62)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

119. Did you feel sad?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(63)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

120. Did you have crying spells?

	O    NO		[IF THE ANSWER IS YES, SAY]:	(64)
			How many days during the past week?

			1     1-2 DAYS	2     3-4 DAYS	3     5-7 DAYS

IF NON-HISPANIC, GO TO Q128

IF HISPANIC, CONTINUE BELOW

121. Now, please tell me, where were you born?

	1    USA	[GO TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTION]	(65)
	2    PUERTO RICO	[GO TO Q. 123]
	3    MEXICO	[GO TO Q. 123]
	4    REPUBLICA DOMINICANA	[GO TO Q. 123]
	5    COLOMBIA	[GO TO Q. 123]
	6    CENTRAL AMERICA	[GO TO Q. 123]
	7    SOUTH AMERICA, (NO COLOMBIA)	[GO TO Q. 123]
	8    SPAIN OR CUBA	[GO TO Q. 123]
	9    OTHER _______________________  [GO TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTION]

FOR HISPANICS BORN IN THE U.S. OR COUNTRIES LISTED IN 9 ABOVE

122.  The families of the majority of people living in the United States come
 from other countries. Where is your family from?

[DO NOT READ ALTERNATIVES  IF RESPONSE IS MORE THAN ONE COUNTRY,
 ASK:]"Which country is the majority of your family from or which country do
 you feel closest to?"  [CIRCLE ONLY ONE]

	2    PUERTO RICO	(66)
	3    MEXICO
	4    REPUBLICA DOMINICANA
	5    COLOMBIA
	6    CENTRAL AMERICA
	7    SOUTH AMERICA, (NO COLOMBIA)
	8    SPAIN OR CUBA

123. How long have you lived in the United States?

	___ ___    YEARS [LESS THAN A YEAR = ONE YEAR{01}]	(67-68)

		Respondent ID __ __ __ __.
		(01-04)
		Card = 4	(05)

124. In general what language do you read and speak?  Would you say Spanish
 only, Spanish more than English, both equally, English more than Spanish, or
 English only?
		(06)

	1   Spanish	2   Spanish more 	3   Both 	4   English more	5   English
	only	than English	equally	than Spanish	only

125. What language do you usually speak at home?
	(07)

	1   Spanish	2   Spanish more 	3   Both 	4   English more	5   English
	only	than English	equally	than Spanish	only

126. In which language do you usually think?
	(08)

	1   Spanish	2   Spanish more 	3   Both 	4   English more	5   English
	only	than English	equally	than Spanish	only

127. What language do you usually speak with your friends?
	(09)

	1   Spanish	2   Spanish more 	3   Both 	4   English more	5   English
	only	than English	equally	than Spanish	only

ASK EVERYONE

128. How many years of formal education have you completed?

	___ ___ YEARS	(10-11)

129. Are you:
	1	Married or living with your partner	(12)
	2	Single
	3	Separated or divorced
	4	Widowed

130. What is your religion?  __________________________
	(13)
	1	CATHOLIC
	2	CHRISTIAN OTHER THAN CATHOLIC
	3	OTHER: (SPECIFY: ________________)
	4	NONE

131. How important is religion in your life?  Would you say:
	(14)
	1   	Extremely important
	2   	Very important
	3   	Important
	4   	Somewhat important
	5   	Not important at all
							BLANK	(15-16)

133. Would you say that you live in a town, city, suburb of a city, or a rural
 area?

	1   TOWN  	2   CITY	3   SUBURB	4   RURAL AREA	(17)

134. Could you please give me your Zip Code?

		__ __ __ __ __    ZIP CODE	(18-22)
		[99998 >> DK        99999 >> RA]

135. Tell me when I get to the category that best describes your family
income for 1990.  [IF LIVING ALONE, ASK FOR PERSONAL INCOME]

	[READ RESPONSES]

		1	Less than $10,000	(23)
		2	$10,001 to 20,000
		3	$20,001 to 40,000
		4	More than $40,000
		8	DON'T KNOW
		9	RA

As I already explained, your phone number was chosen at random.  To avoid
 calling your house again, could you please tell me if there is another
telephone number in your house?

	[IF THE ANSWER IS YES]   What is it?__________________

	Is there more than one number?

		OTHER NUMBER(S) ________________________

136. 	NUMBER OF TELEPHONE LINES _______	(24)
		[INCLUDING THE ONE BEING CALLED]

IF NON HISPANIC, GO TO PARAGRAPH BEGINNING:
'This is all for now."

IF HISPANIC, CONTINUE BELOW

137. In the future, it is possible that we will do a study of sexual attitudes
and behavior among Hispanic adolescents.  The questions will be very different
 from the ones you just answered and will be appropriate for adolescents.
To include an adolescent in that study not only would we need the adolescent's
 consent but also the permission of a parent or guardian. 

Is there an adolescent in this house who is 15, 16 or 17 years old?

	YES  How many?  _____	NO  0  [GO TO END]	(25)

Could you give me the name of the parent or guardian who could give permission
 to interview the adolescent, if we do call?

	____________________________________________________

138.  Could you give me the name(s) of the adolescent(s)?

	___________________________________________

	ASK IF UNCLEAR:     NUMBER OF FEMALES______	(26)

This is all for now.  My supervisor may call you back to validate that this
 interview was completed.  Thank you for your help with this interview.
If you would like any further information about AIDS or AIDS prevention, you
 can call this number             1-800-342-2437       [AIDS]. Would you like me to repeat
that number?   The call is free and you don't have to give your name.

Again, thank you very much!

__________________________________________________________

TIME AT THE END OF INTERVIEW:___________

139. 	LENGTH OF INTERVIEW [ IN MINUTES]   ___ ___	(27-28)

140. LANGUAGE OF INTERVIEW:	0    ENGLISH	(29)

141. LANGUAGE CHOICE:

 	1    RESPONDENT   	0       RANDOMLY BY INTERVIEWER	(30)

142. INTERVIEWER'S NAME:_________________________ [ ___ ___ ___ ]	(31-33)

DATE OF INTERVIEW:_____________________________

INTERVIEW TERMINATED BEFORE COMPLETION

	1  YES   	0  NO	(34)

	[IF THE ANSWER IS YES] __ __ __  ITEM NUMBER	(35-37)

IS RESPONDENT A MEMBER OF HOUSEHOLD?

	1  YES	0  NO	(38)
Resource

National Youth HIV/AIDS Awareness Day — April 10, 2017 [booklet]

Research & Resources

This brochure lists research projects with Youth or young adults as well as helpful resources produced by CAPS/PRC. You might use it to:
  • Stay up-to-date on research and learn what we found out from research
  • Provide materials in trainings/presentations
  • Advocate for services/funding
  • Write grants
  • Develop new or modify existing HIV prevention programs
  • Evaluate current programs
  • Connect with CAPS/PRC to develop new projects. Lead researchers (PIs) are listed for each study. Contact us below to connect.
Questions? Comments? Contact Daryl Mangosing via phone at 1-415-514-4590 or email at [email protected] This brochure was prepared by the CAPS Community Engagement (CE) Core, which is previously known as the Technology and Information Exchange (TIE) Core.

Acronyms

MSM: Men who have sex with men PI: Principal Investigator (lead researcher on the study)
Resource

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)

In 2012, there were 2.3 million new HIV infections globally. A large proportion of people newly diagnosed with HIV worldwide are in their reproductive years and these men and women are likely to want children in the future. Addressing the sexual and reproductive health and rights of this population is critical to addressing the spread of HIV because HIV infection in childbearing women is the main cause of HIV infection in children. Treatment for those who are already infected is also central to stopping the spread of HIV to infants and to uninfected sexual partners.